The Horizons and Other Problems

This comes up in both quantum and string theory. It has to do with the fact that far-flung regions of the universe are too far apart to communicate their temperatures (make their temperatures the same) because the light hasn't gotten from one to the other. The solution is that these regions were once much closer because of the inflation theory so they could communicate with one another.

Think of it this way. The Big Bang occurred 14 billion years ago give or take a few. Now, two points, A and B, are separated by 28 billion light years. Since no signal can go faster than light, there is no way two distant regions could have communicated during the entire life of the universe. How did they acquire the same temperature?

One way to solve this problem is to propose that light traveled much faster back at the beginning, especially during the expansion period. In fact, some have proposed that light was 100,000 trillion trillion times the current value and there was no inflation period. This would allow all regions to become the same temperature. This idea is called the VSL theory or the variable speed of light theory.

There have been many different attempts to determine how gravity works and what role that dark matter plays in it. One theory eliminated dark matter and introduces the idea of MOG or modified gravity. In this case it has been proposed that gravity becomes stronger with distance. This starts out with the NGT or nonsymmetrical gravitational theory, but it proved inconclusive because it predicted that the sun deviated from a perfect spherical shape, which could not be verified. So, the guy who postulated this idea, John Moffat, came up with the MSTG theory or the Metric-Skew-Tensor Gravity theory to correct this problem, and it proposed a fundamental fifth force in nature, but the math was too complicated, so it was superseded by the STVG theory or the Scalar-Tensor-Vector Gravity theory that also predicted a fifth force called the phion field, which had an accompanying particle, a gauge boson that carried the fifth force.

These theories seem to work well for normal weak gravitation (gravity is the weakest force of nature), but they don't really define quantum gravity. They also don't explain black holes.
Another weird theory is space-time twister theory, conjured up by Sir Roger Penrose. This idea proposes that all the light rays in space-time create a twister space, which is a mathematical universe where this theory resides. Some of the objects and events in our universe may come from twister space. The problem with twister space is it doesn't have quantum physics in it. There is no discrete structure in twister space. Some of Penrose's math has been adapted into string theory.

Another way to look at the problems of the universe is to define the universe in quantum information theory. This theory considers all of the aspects of the universe as pieces of information. In fact, one could consider the universe as very large and complicated quantum computer. In this way all of the calculations would be logical programming steps.

This only scratches the surface of what's wrong with quantum and string theory and what little we know about the universe.

Thanks for reading.