*Types of presupposition

Existential:      the X/one’s X                          >>X exists

Factive:           I regret leaving                        >> I left

Non – factive: He pretended to be happy      >> He wasn’t happy

Lexical:           He managed to escape                        >> He tried to escape

Structural:       When did she leave?               >> She left

Counterfactual: If I weren’t ill                       >> I’m ill

* maxisms:

- quality: not say anything false or lack adequate evidence.

- quantity: informative as required

- relation: stay on topic

- manner: avoid ambiguity, obscurity of expression, be brief and orderly.

*properties of Conversational implicatures:

- Calculability: every conversational implicature can be calculated from the meaning of what is said plus identifiable of the context.

- Reinforcibility: speaker can supply material that entails what would be only conversationally implicated

- Suspension: speaker can suspend the implicatures by using the expression: “at least”

- Cancellability: speaker can add futher infor, often following the expression “in fact” to indicate the inference not be drawn.

- Deniability: speakers can always deny the intended meanings because implicatures are part of what’s communicated and not said.

*speech act type:

Declarations: S causes X -> words change the world (I declare you to be husband and wife)

Representatives: S believes X -> makes words fit the outside world (It’s a hot day)

Expressives: S feels X -> makes words fit the inside world of speaker (I’m sorry)

Directives: S wants X -> listener makes the world fit the word (Give me a cup of coffee)

Commissives: S intends X -> Speaker makes the world fit the word (We’ll not do that)

*Felicity conditions:

General condition: S and H understand the language

Content con: S predicates a future act of A of S

Preparatory con: S believes that doing act A is in H’s best interest and that S can do A

Sincertity con: S intends to do act A

Essential con: S undertake an obiligation to do act A

*Do not perform FTA

- say nothing or opting out choice (OOC)

- 2 types: + OOC genuine: let the matter remain closed

            + OOC strategic: expects other to infer Self’s wish to achieve the perlocutionary effect.

*Bald – on-record (the least polite)

- not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face

- shock or embarrass the addressee

- situations: S has close relation w H

* Positive politeness Strategies

- notice, attend to H > You look sad. Can I do anything?

- use in – group identity markers > come here, honey.

- seek agreement and avoid disagreement > no, he’s not a generous man, is he?

- propose or assert common ground > go out w me, babe?

- joke

- offer, promise

- be optimistic: I’m sure you won’t mind if I use your cellphone.

- include both S and H in the activity : Let’s….

- Give or ask 4 reasons: Why not…?

- Give sympathy to H: I’m really sorry to hear….

* Negative politeness strategies:

- be conventionally indirect: Would/ could….

- question, hedge: Perhaps./…

- pessimistic: you won’t go to the party, will you?

- minimize the imposition: “I just want….”

- give deference (respect)

- apologize: I’m sorry, it’s a lot to ask, but you….

-impersonalize S and H:

- state the FTAs as a general rule: visitors sign the ledger.

- norminalize

- go on record as incurring debt or as not indebting H : I’d be eternally grateful if you could come.