Môc lôc

TOC \o \h \z \t "Heading 4,4" Grammar Review PAGEREF _Toc512008195 \h 8

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008196" Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc ..................................... ....... PAGEREF _Toc512008196 \h 8

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008197" Qu¸n tõ "A" PAGEREF _Toc512008197 \h 9

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008198" Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The" PAGEREF _Toc512008198 \h 10

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008200" another vµ other PAGEREF _Toc512008200 \h 13

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008201" little - a little - few - a few PAGEREF _Toc512008201 \h 13

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008202" Së h÷u c¸ch PAGEREF _Toc512008202 \h 14

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008203" Verb PAGEREF _Toc512008203 \h 15

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008204" 1. Present PAGEREF _Toc512008204 \h 15

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008205" 1) Simple Present PAGEREF _Toc512008205 \h 15

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008206" 2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) PAGEREF _Toc512008206 \h 15

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008207" 3) Present Perfect : Have + PII PAGEREF _Toc512008207 \h 16

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008208" 4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing PAGEREF _Toc512008208 \h 16

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008209" 2. Past PAGEREF _Toc512008209 \h 17

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008210" 1) Simple Past: V- ed PAGEREF _Toc512008210 \h 17

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008211" 2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing PAGEREF _Toc512008211 \h 17

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008212" 3) Past Perfect: Had + PII PAGEREF _Toc512008212 \h 17

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008213" 4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing PAGEREF _Toc512008213 \h 18

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008214" 3. Future PAGEREF _Toc512008214 \h 18

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008215" 1) Simple Future: Will / Shall / Can / May + Verb in simple form PAGEREF _Toc512008215 \h 18

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008216" 2) Near Future : to be going to do smt PAGEREF _Toc512008216 \h 18

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008218" 4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII PAGEREF _Toc512008218 \h 19

Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ................................................19

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008219" 1. C¸c tr­êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008219 \h 19

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008220" 2. C¸c Danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c §éng tõ vµ §¹i tõ ®i theo ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt PAGEREF _Toc512008220 \h 20

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008221" 3. C¸ch sö dông None vµ No PAGEREF _Toc512008221 \h 20

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008222" 4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or vµ neither...nor PAGEREF _Toc512008222 \h 21

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008223" 5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008223 \h 21

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008224" 6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ PAGEREF _Toc512008224 \h 21

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008225" 7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of: PAGEREF _Toc512008225 \h 22

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008226" 8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu PAGEREF _Toc512008226 \h 23

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008227" 9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are PAGEREF _Toc512008227 \h 23

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008229" §¹i tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008229 \h 24

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008230" 1. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng (Chñ ng÷) PAGEREF _Toc512008230 \h 24

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008231" 2. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008231 \h 25

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008233" 3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u PAGEREF _Toc512008233 \h 25

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008234" 4. §¹i tõ së h÷u PAGEREF _Toc512008234 \h 25

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008235" 5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n PAGEREF _Toc512008235 \h 26

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008236" T©n ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008236 \h 26

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008237" 1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008237 \h 26

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008238" 2. V - ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008238 \h 26

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008239" 3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt PAGEREF _Toc512008239 \h 27

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008240" 4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008240 \h 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008241" 5. VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr­íc Vinf hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷. PAGEREF _Toc512008241 \h 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008242" C¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt PAGEREF _Toc512008242 \h 29

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008243" 1. Need PAGEREF _Toc512008243 \h 29

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008244" 1) Dïng nh­ mét ®éng tõ th­êng: ®­îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã PAGEREF _Toc512008244 \h 29

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008245" 2) Need ®­îc sö dông nh­ mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt PAGEREF _Toc512008245 \h 29

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008246" 2. Dare PAGEREF _Toc512008246 \h 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008247" 1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m" PAGEREF _Toc512008247 \h 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008248" 2) Dare dïng nh­ mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008248 \h 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008249" C¸ch sö dông "to be" trong mét sè tr­êng hîp PAGEREF _Toc512008249 \h 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008250" "to get " trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt PAGEREF _Toc512008250 \h 31

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008251" 1. To get + P2 PAGEREF _Toc512008251 \h 31

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008252" 2. Get + V-ing = Star + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g× PAGEREF _Toc512008252 \h 31

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008253" 3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu. PAGEREF _Toc512008253 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008254" 4. Get + to + verb PAGEREF _Toc512008254 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008255" 5. Get + to + Verb = Come + to + Verb = Gradually PAGEREF _Toc512008255 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008256" C©u hái PAGEREF _Toc512008256 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008257" 1. C©u hái Yes/ No PAGEREF _Toc512008257 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008258" 2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o PAGEREF _Toc512008258 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008259" a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008259 \h 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008260" b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008260 \h 33

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008261" c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why PAGEREF _Toc512008261 \h 33

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008262" 3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp PAGEREF _Toc512008262 \h 33

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008263" 4. C©u hái cã ®u«i PAGEREF _Toc512008263 \h 33

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008264" Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh PAGEREF _Toc512008264 \h 34

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008265" 1. Phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh PAGEREF _Toc512008265 \h 34

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008266" 2. Phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh PAGEREF _Toc512008266 \h 34

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008267" C©u phñ ®Þnh PAGEREF _Toc512008267 \h 35

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008271" MÖnh lÖnh thøc PAGEREF _Toc512008271 \h 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008272" §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt PAGEREF _Toc512008272 \h 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008273" C©u ®iÒu kiÖn PAGEREF _Toc512008273 \h 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008274" 1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i PAGEREF _Toc512008274 \h 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008275" 2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i PAGEREF _Toc512008275 \h 38

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008276" 3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø PAGEREF _Toc512008276 \h 38

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008277" will, would, could, should sau if PAGEREF _Toc512008277 \h 38

Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña "if"........................................................37

to Hope - to Wish........................................................................... 38

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008278" 1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t­¬ng lai PAGEREF _Toc512008278 \h 40

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008279" 2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i PAGEREF _Toc512008279 \h 40

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008280" 3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø PAGEREF _Toc512008280 \h 40

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008281" as if - as though PAGEREF _Toc512008281 \h 41

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008283" Used to, to be / get used to PAGEREF _Toc512008283 \h 41

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008284" would rather PAGEREF _Toc512008284 \h 42

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008285" 1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008285 \h 42

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008286" 2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷ PAGEREF _Toc512008286 \h 42

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008287" a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i PAGEREF _Toc512008287 \h 42

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008288" b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i PAGEREF _Toc512008288 \h 43

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008289" c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø PAGEREF _Toc512008289 \h 43

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008290" Would like PAGEREF _Toc512008290 \h 43

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008291" C¸ch sö dông c¸c Modal Verb ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i PAGEREF _Toc512008291 \h 44

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008292" 1. Could, May, Might + V in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ. PAGEREF _Toc512008292 \h 44

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008293" 2. Should + V in simple form PAGEREF _Toc512008293 \h 44

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008294" 3. Must + V in simple form PAGEREF _Toc512008294 \h 44

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008295" C¸ch sö dông c¸c Modal Verb ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø PAGEREF _Toc512008295 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008296" 1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®· PAGEREF _Toc512008296 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008297" 2. Could have + P2 = lÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng) PAGEREF _Toc512008297 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008298" 3. Might have been + V- ing = cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang PAGEREF _Toc512008298 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008299" 4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn PAGEREF _Toc512008299 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008300" 5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®· PAGEREF _Toc512008300 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008301" 6. Must have been V- ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang PAGEREF _Toc512008301 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008302" should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cô thÓ PAGEREF _Toc512008302 \h 45

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008303" TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008303 \h 46

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008304" §éng tõ nèi PAGEREF _Toc512008304 \h 47

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008305" C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008305 \h 48

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008306" 1. So s¸nh b»ng PAGEREF _Toc512008306 \h 48

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008307" 2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm PAGEREF _Toc512008307 \h 49

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008308" 3. So s¸nh hîp lý PAGEREF _Toc512008308 \h 50

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008309" 4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt PAGEREF _Toc512008309 \h 51

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008310" 5. So s¸nh ®a béi PAGEREF _Toc512008310 \h 51

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008311" 6. So s¸nh kÐp PAGEREF _Toc512008311 \h 52

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008312" 7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·... PAGEREF _Toc512008312 \h 52

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008313" 8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt PAGEREF _Toc512008313 \h 53

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008314" 9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt PAGEREF _Toc512008314 \h 53

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008315" Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008315 \h 53

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008316" Enough PAGEREF _Toc512008316 \h 54

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008317" Ph©n biÖt a lot/lots of/plenty/a great deal so víi many vµ much PAGEREF _Toc512008317 \h 55

Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more vµ most.....................................54

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008318" C¸ch dïng long (for a long time) PAGEREF _Toc512008318 \h 57

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008319" Tõ nèi PAGEREF _Toc512008319 \h 58

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008320" 1. Because, Because of PAGEREF _Toc512008320 \h 58

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008321" 2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ PAGEREF _Toc512008321 \h 58

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008322" 3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶. PAGEREF _Toc512008322 \h 58

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008323" 4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c. PAGEREF _Toc512008323 \h 59

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008325" C©u bÞ ®éng PAGEREF _Toc512008325 \h 61

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008326" §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n PAGEREF _Toc512008326 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008327" 1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× PAGEREF _Toc512008327 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008328" 2. To have/to get sth done = §­a c¸i g× ®i lµm PAGEREF _Toc512008328 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008329" 3. To make sb do sth = to force smb to do sth (buéc ai ph¶i lµm g×) PAGEREF _Toc512008329 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008330" 4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao PAGEREF _Toc512008330 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008331" 5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao PAGEREF _Toc512008331 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008332" 7 .To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth PAGEREF _Toc512008332 \h 63

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008333" 6. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g× PAGEREF _Toc512008333 \h 64

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008334" 7. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt PAGEREF _Toc512008334 \h 64

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008335" C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ PAGEREF _Toc512008335 \h 64

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008336" 1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô PAGEREF _Toc512008336 \h 64

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008337" 2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô PAGEREF _Toc512008337 \h 64

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008338" 3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô PAGEREF _Toc512008338 \h 65

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008339" 4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô PAGEREF _Toc512008339 \h 65

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008340" 5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc. PAGEREF _Toc512008340 \h 65

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008342" 6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô PAGEREF _Toc512008342 \h 65

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008343" 7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which PAGEREF _Toc512008343 \h 66

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008344" 8. Whose = cña ng­êi mµ, cña con mµ. PAGEREF _Toc512008344 \h 66

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008345" 9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô PAGEREF _Toc512008345 \h 66

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008346" C¸ch sö dông PI trong mét sè tr­êng hîp PAGEREF _Toc512008346 \h 67

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008347" 1. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ. PAGEREF _Toc512008347 \h 67

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008349" 2. P1 ®­îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi PAGEREF _Toc512008349 \h 68

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008350" C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2) PAGEREF _Toc512008350 \h 68

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008351" Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that PAGEREF _Toc512008351 \h 69

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008352" 1. That dïng víi t­ c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng) PAGEREF _Toc512008352 \h 69

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008353" 2. MÖnh ®Ò that PAGEREF _Toc512008353 \h 69

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008354" C©u gi¶ ®Þnh PAGEREF _Toc512008354 \h 70

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008355" 1. Dïng víi would rather that PAGEREF _Toc512008355 \h 70

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008356" 2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ. PAGEREF _Toc512008356 \h 70

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008357" 3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ. PAGEREF _Toc512008357 \h 71

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008358" 4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr­êng hîp kh¸c PAGEREF _Toc512008358 \h 71

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008359" 5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time PAGEREF _Toc512008359 \h 72

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008360" Lèi nãi bao hµm PAGEREF _Toc512008360 \h 72

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008361" 1. Not only ..... but also PAGEREF _Toc512008361 \h 72

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008362" 2. As well as: Còng nh­ PAGEREF _Toc512008362 \h 73

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008363" 3. Both ..... and PAGEREF _Toc512008363 \h 73

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008364" C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how. PAGEREF _Toc512008364 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008365" MÖnh ®Ò nh­îng bé PAGEREF _Toc512008365 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008366" 1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp PAGEREF _Toc512008366 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008367" 2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu PAGEREF _Toc512008367 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008368" 3. However + adj + S + link V = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× .... PAGEREF _Toc512008368 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008369" 4. Althought/ Albeit (more formal) + Adj/ Adv/ Modifier = dÉu sao, tuy r»ng PAGEREF _Toc512008369 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008370" Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn PAGEREF _Toc512008370 \h 74

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008371" Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c PAGEREF _Toc512008371 \h 76

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008372" Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008372 \h 77

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008373" §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng one vµ you PAGEREF _Toc512008373 \h 78

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008374" Tõ ®i tr­íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu PAGEREF _Toc512008374 \h 79

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008375" C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô PAGEREF _Toc512008375 \h 79

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008377" Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008377 \h 81

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008378" 1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) PAGEREF _Toc512008378 \h 81

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008379" 2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) PAGEREF _Toc512008379 \h 81

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008380" C©u thõa PAGEREF _Toc512008380 \h 81

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008382" Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp PAGEREF _Toc512008382 \h 82

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008384" §éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp PAGEREF _Toc512008384 \h 83

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008385" Sù ®¶o ng­îc phã tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008385 \h 84

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008391" C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p..... PAGEREF _Toc512008391 \h 86

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008394" Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn PAGEREF _Toc512008394 \h 86

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008396" Giíi tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008396 \h 89

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008397" Ng÷ ®éng tõ PAGEREF _Toc512008397 \h 92

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc512008398" Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc PAGEREF _Toc512008398 \h 93

Grammar Review

Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y:

SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER

(OBJECT)

DIRECT INDIRECT

SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét V-ing, mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ ®éng tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:

Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc (Count noun/ Non count noun)

Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc: Dïng ®­îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã dïng ®­îc víi "a(n)", vµ "the".

Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc: Kh«ng dïng ®­îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®­îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.

Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh­ nhau chØ ph©n biÖt b»ng cã "a" vµ kh«ng cã "a"

Ex: an aircraft EMBED Equation.3 aircraft; a sheep EMBED Equation.3 sheep; a fish EMBED Equation.3 fish; a species EMBED Equation.3 species

Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc nh­ food, meat, money, sand, water ... ®«i khi ®­îc dïng nh­ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: water -> waters (N­íc -> nh÷ng vòng n­íc)

Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc nh­ng khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc.

Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)

B¶ng sau lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®­îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc.

with count noun with non - coun noun a(n), the, some, any

this, that, these, those

none,one, two, three...

many, a lot of

a EMBED Equation.3 number of

fewer ... than , more ... than the, some, any

this, that

none

much (usually in negatives or question)

a lot of

a large amount of

little

less ... than , more ... than

Qu¸n tõ "A"

Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"

Dïng "an" tr­íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:

4 nguyªn ©m a, e, i, o.

2 b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y.

Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an hour)

Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an M.P)

L­u ý: §øng tr­íc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a university/ a uniform)

Dïng "a" tr­íc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.

§­îc dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/ tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÓm hoÆc ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.

Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l­îng nhÊt ®Þnh nh­: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen.

Dïng tr­íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh th­êng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh­ a/ one hundred - a/one thousand.

Dïng tr­íc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo and a half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa ngµy).

Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh­ 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers a kilo, 4 times a day.

Dïng tr­íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®­îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/ such a long life.

A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)

Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"

Dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ ®· ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.

The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ

Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

Dïng tr­íc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.

Ex: The only way, the best day.

Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s

The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô

Ex: The man, to whom you have just talked, is the Chairman.

Tr­íc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt

Ex: She is in the (= her) garden.

The + danh tõ sè Ýt t­îng tr­ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt

Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)

L­u ý: Nh­ng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ng­êi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the".

Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ng­êi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt nµy)

Dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ng­êi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x· héi.

Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp

The + adj: T­îng tr­ng cho mét nhãm ng­êi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®­îc phÐp ë sè nhiÒu nh­ng ®­îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.

Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving.

The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö

Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandie

The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ

used as adjective

Ex: The North/ South Pole , The East End of London (Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)

The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp x­íng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng

Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.

The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu.

Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµ

Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children

Dïng tr­íc tªn hä cña mét ng­êi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ng­êi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng ng­êi trïng tªn.

Kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the" tr­íc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ c¸c tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 a.m this morning.

Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

Kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the" tr­íc mét sè danh tõ nh­ home, bed, churt, court, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã lµ môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra khái ®ã còng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh.

Ex: Students go to school everyday.

Ex: The patient was released from hospital.

The + Noun+ preposition'+Noun

The girl in blue

The ma with the banner

Nh­ng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng "the".

Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.

Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork

L­u ý: Trong American English: hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi the

Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient)

Mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt:

Go to work = Go to the office

To be at work

To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ)

To be in office (®­¬ng nhiÖm) <> To be out of office (§· m·n nhiÖm)

Go to sea (nh­ nh÷ng thñy thñ)

Go to the sea (ra biÓn, th­êng ®Ó nghØ)

To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn

To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn-trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh).

go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi town lµ cña ng­êi nãi.

B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh

Cã "The" Kh«ng "The" Dïng tr­íc tªn c¸c ®¹i d­¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå (ë sè nhiÒu)

Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes

Tr­íc tªn c¸c d·y nói

Ex: The Rocky Mountains

Tr­íc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trong vò trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi

Ex: The earth, the moon,the great wall

The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh tõ riªng

Ex: The University of Florida

the + sè thø tù + danh tõ

Ex: The third chapter.

Tr­íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc

víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®­îc tÝnh tõ ho¸

Ex: The Korean War

Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc cã hai tõ trë lªn (ngo¹i trõ Great Britain)

Ex: The United States

Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc ®­îc coi lµ mét quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o

Ex: The Philipines

Tr­íc tªn c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn lÞch sö

Ex: The Constitution

Tr­íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè

Ex: the Indians

The + music instrument khi ®Ò cËp ®Õn c¸c nh¹c cô nãi chung hoÆc ®ang ch¬i chóng.

The violin is difficult to play.

who is that on the piano?

Tr­íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ

Ex: The Solid matter Physics

Tr­íc tªn mét hå

Ex: Lake Geneva

Tr­íc tªn mét ngän nói

Ex: Mount Vesuvius

Tr­íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chßm sao

Ex: Venus, Mars

Tr­íc tªn c¸c tr­êng nµy nÕu tr­íc nã lµ mét tªn riªng

Ex: Stetson University

Tr­íc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét sè ®Õm

Ex: Chapter three

Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc më ®Çu b»ng New,hoÆc tõ chØ h­íng/ chØ cã mét tõ

Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France

Tr­íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu bang, thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn

Ex: Europe, Florida

Tr­íc tªn c¸c lo¹i h×nh nh¹c cô trong c¸c h×nh thøc cô thÓ Jazz, Pop, Classical music

Ex: to perform Jazz on trumpet and piano.

Tr­íc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ thao nµo

Ex: baseball, basketball

Tr­íc c¸c danh tõ trõu t­îng (trõ mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt)

Ex: freedom, happiness

Tr­íc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung

Ex: mathematics

Tr­íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt

Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving

another vµ other

Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt nghÜa nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Dïng víi Count Noun Dïng víi Non-count Noun another + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè Ýt = mét c¸i

n÷a, mét c¸i kh¸c, mét ng­êi n÷a, mét ng­êi kh¸c.

the other + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè Ýt = c¸i cßn

l¹i (cña mét bé), ng­êi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

Other + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i

n÷a, mÊy c¸i kh¸c, mÊy ng­êi n÷a, mÊy ng­êi kh¸c.

The other + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng

c¸i cßn l¹i (cña mét bé), nh÷ng ng­êi cßn l¹i (cña mét nhãm).

Other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = mét chót n÷a.

The other + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = chç cßn sãt l¹i.

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.

(another = any other book - not specific)

I don't want this book. Please give me the other.

(the other = the other book, specific)

Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi The other lµ x¸c ®Þnh, nÕu chñ ng÷ hoÆc danh tõ ®· ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn th× ë d­íi chØ cÇn dïng Another hoÆc other nh­ mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

NÕu danh tõ ®­îc thay thÕ b»ng sè nhiÒu: Other EMBED Equation.3 Others. Kh«ng bao giê ®­îc dïng Others + danh tõ sè nhiÒu. ChØ ®­îc dïng mét trong hai.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones ®»ng sau another hoÆc other.

L­u ý: This hoÆc That cã thÓ dïng víi one nh­ng These vµ Those kh«ng ®­îc dïng víi ones.(lçi c¬ b¶n)

little - a little - few - a few

Little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh h­íng phñ ®Þnh)

Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

A little + danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc = cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó

Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries

Few + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÒu = cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ ®Ó (cã khuynh h­íng phñ ®Þnh)

Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference readung

A few + danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè nhiÒu: cã mét chót, ®ñ ®Ó

Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp khi danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë phÝa d­íi chØ cÇn dïng little hoÆc few nh­ mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ.

Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.

Quite a few (cho ®Õm ®­îc) = Quite a bit (cho kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc) = Quite a lot (cho c¶ hai) = rÊt nhiÒu.

Së h÷u c¸ch

ChØ ®­îc dïng cho nh÷ng danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho c¸c ®å vËt.

Ex: The student's book ; The cat's legs.

§èi víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy

Ex: The students' book.

Nh­ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ ®æi sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng "s" ë ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng ®Çy ®ñ dÊu së h÷u c¸ch.

Ex: The children's toys ; The people's willing(ý nguyÖn cña nh©n d©n)

NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u.

Ex: Paul and Peter's room.

§èi víi nh÷ng tªn riªng hoÆc danh tõ ®· cã s½n "s" ë ®u«i cã thÓ chØ cÇn dïng dÊu phÈy vµ nhÊn m¹nh ®u«i khi ®äc hoÆc dïng së h÷u c¸ch vµ ph¶i thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc. Tªn riªng kh«ng dïng "the" ®»ng tr­íc.

Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]

Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

Nã ®­îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m, th¸ng, thËp niªn, thÕ kØ)

Ex: The 1990s' events: nh÷ng sù kiÖn cña thËp niªn 90

The 21st century's prospects.(nh÷ng viÔn c¶nh cña thÕ kû 21)

Cã thÓ dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m trõ mïa xu©n vµ mïa thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho hai mïa nµy th× ng­êi viÕt ®· nh©n c¸ch ho¸ chóng. Ngµy nay ng­êi ta dïng c¸c mïa trong n¨m nh­ mét tÝnh tõ cho c¸c danh tõ ®»ng sau, Ýt dïng së h÷u c¸ch.

Ex: The Autumn's gold leaf coat (chiÕc ¸o cña nµng thu)

The spring's return (sù trë l¹i cña chóa xu©n)

Dïng cho tªn c¸c c«ng ty lín, c¸c quèc gia

Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products ; China's food.

§èi víi c¸c cöa hiÖu cã nghÒ nghiÖp ®Æc tr­ng chØ cÇn dïng danh tõ víi dÊu së h÷u.

Ex: In a florist's ; At a hairdresser's

§Æc biÖt lµ c¸c tiÖm ¨n: The Antonio's

Dïng tr­íc mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ trong mét sè thµnh ng÷

Ex: a stone's throw from ... (C¸ch mÊy b­íc ch©n).

Verb

§éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh:

Qu¸ khø (Past)

HiÖn t¹i (Present)

T­¬ng lai (Future)

Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia thµnh nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó diÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.

Present

1) Simple Present

Khi chia ®éng tõ thêi nµy ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã "s" ë tËn cïng vµ ©m dã ph¶i ®­îc ®äc lªn

Ex: He walks.

Ex: She watches TV.

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng th­êng xuyªn x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ thêi gian, hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh qui luËt.

Th­êng dïng víi mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh­ today, present day, nowadays.

§Æc biÖt nã dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt nh­: always, sometimes, often, every + thêi gian...

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i. Thêi ®iÓm nµy ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng mét sè phã tõ nh­ : now, rightnow, at this moment.

Dïng thay thÕ cho thêi t­¬ng lai gÇn, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong v¨n nãi khi muèn diÔn ®¹t nh÷ng hµnh ®éng theo nh­ dù tÝnh tõ tr­íc.

§Æc biÖt l­u ý nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau kh«ng ®­îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï bÊt cø thêi nµo khi chóng lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ tÜnh diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i c¶m gi¸c cña ho¹t ®éng tinh thÇn hoÆc tÝnh chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc. Nh­ng khi chóng quay sang h­íng ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng th× chóng l¹i ®­îc phÐp dïng ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.

know believe hear see smell wish

understand hate love like want sound

have need appear seem taste own

Ex: He has a lot of books.

He is having dinner now. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: ¨n tèi)

I think they will come in time

I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (§éng tõ hµnh ®éng: §ang nghÜ vÒ)

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tõ trong qu¸ khø, kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn kh«ng ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh trong c©u.

ChØ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi ®Õn hiÖn t¹i.

Ex: George has seen this movie three times.

Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, l­u ý r»ng already cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have vµ còng cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: We have already witten our reports.

Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh, yet th­êng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: The president hasn't decided what to do yet.

Dïng víi yet trong c©u nghi vÊn.

Ex: Have you written your reports yet?

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ë phñ ®Þnh, yet cã thÓ ®øng ngay sau have nh­ng ph¶i thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p: not mÊt ®i vµ PII trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to.

Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

Dïng víi now that... (giê ®©y khi mµ...)

Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...

Dïng víi mét sè phã tõ nh­ till now, untill now, so far (cho ®Õn giê). Nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu c©u hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.

Dïng víi recently, lately (gÇn ®©y) nh÷ng thµnh ng÷ nµy cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: I haven't seen him recently.

Dïng víi before ®øng ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: I have seen him before.

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing

Dïng gièng hÖt nh­ Present Perfect nh­ng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊn døt ë hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn, th­êng xuyªn dïng víi since, for + time

Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a hai thêi:

Present Perfect

Hµnh ®éng ®· chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i do ®ã ®· cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.

Ex: I have waited you for half an hour (and now I stop working because you didn't come). Present Perfect Progressive

Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp diÔn ë hiÖn t¹i, cã kh¶ n¨ng lan tíi t­¬ng lai do ®ã kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt.

Ex: I have been waiting for you for half an hour (and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come) Past

1) Simple Past: V- ed

Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã c¶ d¹ng Simple Past vµ Past Perfect b×nh th­êng còng nh­ ®Æc biÖt. Ng­êi Anh ­a dïng Simple past chia b×nh th­êng vµ PII ®Æc biÖt lµm adj hoÆc trong d¹ng bÞ ®éng

Ex: To light

lighted / lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.

lit / lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

Nã diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra ®øt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i, thêi diÓm trong c©u ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh râ rÖt b»ng mét sè c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh­ yesterday, at that moment, last + time

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh cña qu¸ khø. Thêi diÓm ®ã ®­îc diÔn ®¹t cô thÓ = ngµy, giê.

Nã dông kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian lµ when vµ while, ®Ó chØ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang tiÕp diÔn trong qu¸ khø th× mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c chen ngang vµo (khi ®ang... th× bçng...).

Ex: Somebody hit him on the head while he was walking to his car

Ex: He was walking to his car when somebody hit him on the head

MÖnh ®Ò cã when & while cã thÓ ®øng bÊt k× n¬i nµo trong c©u nh­ng sau when ph¶i lµ simple past vµ sau while ph¶i lµ Past Progressive.

Nã diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng ®ang cïng lóc x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.

Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.

MÖnh ®Ò hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã while cã thÓ ë simple past nh­ng Ýt khi v× dÔ bÞ nhÇm lÉn.

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tr­íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong qu¸ khø, trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng

Ex: Jonh had gone to the store before he went home.

Dïng kÕt hîp víi mét simple past th«ng qua 2 phã tõ chØ thêi gian after vµ before.

L­u ý:

MÖnh ®Ò cã after & before cã thÓ ®øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u nh­ng sau after ph¶i lµ past perfect cßn sau before ph¶i lµ simple past.

Before & After cã thÓ ®­îc thay b»ng when mµ kh«ng sî bÞ nhÇm lÉn v× trong c©u bao giê còng cã 2 hµnh ®éng, 1 tr­íc, 1 sau.

Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing

Dïng gièng hÖt nh­ Past Perfect duy cã ®iÒu ho¹t ®éng diÔn ra liªn tôc cho ®Õn tËn Simple Past. Nã th­êng kÕt hîp víi Simple Past th«ng qua phã tõ Before. Trong c©u th­êng xuyªn cã since, for + time

L­u ý: Thêi nµy ngµy nay Ýt dïng, ng­êi ta thay thÕ nã b»ng Past Perfect vµ chØ dïng khi nµo cÇn ®iÔn ®¹t tÝnh chÝnh x¸c cña hµnh ®éng.

Ex: Abdu had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

Future

1) Simple Future: Will / Shall / Can / May + Verb in simple form

Ngµy nay ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i, ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü chÊp nhËn viÖc dïng will cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i, cßn shall chØ dïng víi c¸c ng«i I, we trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nh­ sau:

§­a ra ®Ò nghÞ mét c¸ch lÞch sù.

Ex: Shall I take your coat?

Dïng ®Ó mêi ng­êi kh¸c mét c¸ch lÞch sù:

Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?

Dïng ®Ó ng· gi¸ trong khi mÆc c¶, mua b¸n:

Ex: Shall we say : $ 50

Th­êng ®­îc dïng víi 1 v¨n b¶n mang tÝnh ph¸p quy buéc c¸c bªn ph¶i thi hµnh ®iÒu kho¶n trong v¨n b¶n:

Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dormiory rule.

Trong tiÕng Anh b×nh d©n , ng­êi ta thay shall = must ë d¹ng c©u nµy.

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t­¬ng lai nh­ng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ. Th­êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh­ tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future = from now on.

Ex: We will have the final exam next week

2) Near Future : to be going to do smt

DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai gÇn, th­êng dïng víi c¸c phã tõ d­íi d¹ng: In a moment (l¸t n÷a), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....

Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment

Nã chØ 1 viÖc ch¾c ch¾n sÏ ph¶i x¶y ra theo nh­ dù tÝnh cho dï thêi gian lµ t­¬ng lai xa.

Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.

Ngµy nay ng­êi ta th­êng dïng present progressive thay thÕ cho thêi nµy ®Æc biÖt khi hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra nh­ dù tÝnh.

3.) Future progressive: Will/sall be Ving

DiÔn ®¹t 1 ®iÒu sÏ x¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai ë vµo 1 thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh

Ex: At 8 a.m tomorow morning we will be attending the lecture on math.

Dïng kÕt hîp víi 1 present progressive kh¸c ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 2 hµnh ®éng ®ang song song x¶y ra 1 ë hiÖn t¹i cßn 1 ë t­¬ng lai.

Ex: Now We are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the office. ( b»ng giê nµy ngµy mai)

HoÆc nh÷ng sù kiÖn trong t­¬ng lai ®· ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc quyÕt ®Þnh diÔn ra (kh«ng mang ý nghÜa tiÕp diÔn)

Ex: Professor Barker will begin giving another lecture on Roma glass making at the same time next week.

HoÆc diÔn ®¹t nh÷ng sù kiÖn ®­îc mong ®îi lµ sÏ x¶y ra theo 1 tiÕn tr×nh th­êng lÖ nh­ng kh«ng diÔn ®¹t ý ®Þnh cña c¸ nh©n ng­êi nãi.

Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.

I will be seeing you one of these days for work I think

Dù ®o¸n cho t­¬ng lai.

Ex: Do not phone now, they will be having dinner

DiÔn ®¹t lêi ®Ò nghÞ nh· nhÆn muèn biÕt vÒ kÕ ho¹ch cña ng­êi kh¸c

Ex: You will be staying in this evening.

4) Future Perfect: Whill/ Shall + Have + PII

ChØ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ ph¶i ®­îc hoµn tÊt ë vµo mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t­¬ng lai. Nã th­êng ®­îc dïng víi phã tõ chØ thêi gian d­íi d¹ng By the end of...., By + time....

Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.

By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today will have passed away.

By the time you come, the meeting will have let out (tan)

Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh, th«ng th­êng th× chñ ng÷ ®øng liÒn ngay víi ®éng tõ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ nh­ng kh«ng ph¶i lu«n lu«n nh­ vËy.

C¸c tr­êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ

Xen vµo gi÷a lµ mét ng÷ giíi tõ (mét giíi tõ më ®Çu céng c¸c danh tõ theo sau). C¸c ng÷ giíi tõ nµy kh«ng hÒ cã quyÕt ®Þnh g× tíi thÓ cña ®éng tõ, ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo chñ ng÷ chÝnh.

C¸c thµnh ng÷ ë b¶ng sau cïng víi c¸c danh tõ ®i theo sau nã t¹o nªn hiÖn t­êng ®ång chñ ng÷. Nã sÏ ®øng xen vµo gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ, t¸ch ra khái gi÷a 2 thµnh phÇn ®ã = 2 dÊu ph¶y vµ kh«ng cã ¶nh h­ëng g× ®Õn viÖc chia ®éng tõ.

Ex: The actrees, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.

NÕu 2 danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng and th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu (they)

Nh­ng nÕu 2 ®ång Chñ ng÷ nèi víi nhau b»ng or th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®øng sau or. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ng­îc l¹i.

Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview.

C¸c Danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c §éng tõ vµ §¹i tõ ®i theo ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt

§ã lµ c¸c danh tõ ë b¶ng sau (cßn gäi lµ c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ).

any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every + singular noun each + singular noun

everybody

everyone either *

everything neither* *Either and neither are singular if thay are not used with or and nor

either (1 trong 2) chØ dïng cho 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ng­êi (vËt) trë lªn ph¶i dïng any.

neither (kh«ng mét trong hai) chØ dïng cho 2 ng­êi, 2 vËt. NÕu 3 ng­êi trë lªn dïng not any.

Ex: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground.

Not any of his pens is able to be used.

C¸ch sö dông None vµ No

NÕu sau None of the lµ mét danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt. Nh­ng nÕu sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.

Ex : None of the counterfeit money has been found.

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

NÕu sau No lµ mét danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc sè Ýt hoÆc kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt nh­ng nÕu sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu

Ex: No example is relevant to this case.

No examples are relevant to this case.

C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng kh«ng)

§iÒu cÇn l­u ý nhÊt khi sö dông cÊu tróc nµy lµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia theo danh tõ ®i sau or hoÆc nor. NÕu danh tõ ®ã lµ sèt Ýt th× déng tõ ®ã chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ng­îc l¹i.

Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.

Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.

Ex: Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

V-ing lµm chñ ng÷

Khi V-ing dïng lµm chñ ng÷ th× ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt

Ng­êi ta sÏ dïng V-ing khi muèn diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng cô thÓ x¶y ra nhÊt thêi nh­ng khi muèn diÔn ®¹t b¶n chÊt cña sù vËt, sù viÖc th× ph¶i dïng danh tõ

Ex: Dieting is very popular today.

Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.

§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ còng cã thÓ dïng lµm chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã sÏ chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt. Nh­ng ng­êi ta th­êng dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it ®Ó më ®Çu c©u.

Ex: To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.

C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ

§ã lµ c¸c danh tõ ë b¶ng sau dïng ®Ó chØ 1 nhãm ng­êi hoÆc 1 tæ chøc nh­ng trªn thùc tÕ chóng lµ nh÷ng danh tõ sè Ýt, do vËy c¸c d¹i tõ vµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng còng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Congress family group committee class

organization team army club crowd

government jury majority* minority public Ex: The committe has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

Tuy nhiªn nÕu ®éng tõ sau nh÷ng danh tõ nµy chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu th× c©u ®ã ¸m chØ c¸c thµnh viªn trong nhãm ®ang ho¹t ®éng riªng rÏ:

Ex: Congress votes for the bill.

(Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree, some disagree)).(TOEFL kh«ng b¾t lçi nµy).

Danh tõ the majority ®­îc dïng tuú theo thµnh phÇn sau nã ®Ó chia ®éng tõ

Ex: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

the police/sheep/fish + plural verb

Ex: The sheep are breaking away.

The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank.

a couple + singular verb

Ex: A couple is walking on the path.

The couple + plural verb

Ex: The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.

C¸c côm tõ ë b¶ng sau chØ mét nhãm ®éng vËt hoÆc gia sóc. cho dï sau giíi tõ of lµ danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn chia theo ng«i chñ ng÷ chÝnh - ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

flock of birds, sheep school of fish

herd of cattle pride of lions

pack of dogs

Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead.

TÊt c¶ c¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ chØ thêi gian, tiÒn b¹c, sè ®o ®Òu ®­îc xem lµ 1 danh tõ sè Ýt. Do ®ã c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: 25 dollars is too much....

Note: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50.

C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of:

A number of = mét sè lín nh÷ng... nÕu ®i víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ chia ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu.

Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many).

h­ng the number of = mét sè... ®­îc coi lµ mét tæng thÓ sè Ýt, do ®ã cho dï sau nã lµ mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu th× ®éng tõ vÉn ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: The number of days in a week is seven.

C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu

B¶ng sau lµ nh÷ng danh tõ bao giê còng ë h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu v× chóng bao gåm 2 thùc thÓ nªn c¸c ®¹i tõ vµ ®éng tõ ®i cïng víi chóng còng ph¶i ë sè nhiÒu.

scissors shorts pants jeans tongs trousers eyeglasses pliers tweezers

NÕu muèn chóng thµnh ng«i sè Ýt ph¶i dïng a pair of...

Ex: The pants are in the drawer.

Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are

Thµnh ng÷ nµy chØ sù tån t¹i cña ng­êi hoÆc vËt t¹i mét n¬i nµo ®ã. Chñ ng÷ thËt cña thµnh ng÷ nµy lµ danh tõ ®i sau. NÕu nã lµ danh tõ sè Ýt th× ®éng tõ to be chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt vµ ng­îc l¹i.

Mäi biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu n»m ë to be cßn there gi÷ nguyªn.

Ex: There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Ex: There have been a number of telephone calls today.

L­u ý c¸c cÊu tróc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be: Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sÏ cã

Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter (Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sÏ cã r¾c rèi khi c« Êy nhËn ®­îc th­ anh ta)

Ex: Do you think there is likely to be snow (Anh cho r»ng ch¾c ch¾n sÏ cã tuyÕt chø)

Trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh quy chuÈn hoÆc v¨n ch­¬ng mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c ngoµi to be còng ®­îc sö dông víi there.

§éng tõ tr¹ng th¸i: Stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live

§éng tõ chØ sù ®Õn: enter/ go/ come/ follow

of state

There + verb + noun as subject

of arrival

Ex: In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker (T¹i mét thÞ trÊn xÐp ë

§øc ®· tõng cã mét «ng thî giµy nghÌo sèng ë ®ã)

Ex: There remains nothing more to be done (Ch¶ cßn cã g× ë ®ã n÷a mµ lµm)

Ex: Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black (Bçng cã mét h×nh bãng kú

l¹ ®i vµo mÆc toµn ®å ®en)

Ex: There followed an uncomfortable silence (Mét sù im lÆng ®Õn bÊt tiÖn tiÕp theo sau ®ã)

There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: k×a/ thÕ lµ/ råi th×

Ex: There he comes (Anh ta ®· ®Õn råi kia k×a)

Ex: There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour (Anh ®©y råi, t«i ®ang chê anh ®Õn h¬n mét tiÕng råi ®Êy)

There + name of people : Th× cã .. .. ®Êy th«i .. Nh»m ®Ó gîi ta sù chó ý ®Õn

There + be + always + noun: Th× lóc nµo ch¶ cã .. mét gi¶i ph¸p kh¶ dÜ cho 1 vÊn ®Ò

Ex: Whom could we ask ? _Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue...

Ex: Where can he sleep?_ Well, there is always the attic.

There was this + noun: ChÝnh lµ c¸i ... nµy ®Êy (®Ó më ®Çu cho mét c©u chuyÖn)

Ex: There was this man, see, and he could not get up in the morning. So he ...

(Nµy, chÝnh lµ c¸i anh chµng nµy ®Êy, anh ta kh«ng dËy ®­îc buæi s¸ng. ThÕ lµ anh ta...

There (lµm tÝnh tõ) : chÝnh c¸i/ con/ ng­êi Êy

Ex: Give that book there, please: Lµm ¬n ®­a cho t«i chÝnh cuèn s¸ch Êy

That there dog: ChÝnh con chã Êy ®Êy

That the girl, she broke two records of speed (ChÝnh c« g¸i Êy ®Êy, c« ta ®· ph¸ hai kû

lôc vÒ tèc ®é)

§¹i tõ

Chia lµm 5 lo¹i víi c¸c chøc n¨ng sö dông kh¸c nhau.

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng (Chñ ng÷)

I we

you you

he

she they

it

§øng ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷, quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ

§øng sau ®éng tõ to be

Ex: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.

Ex: It was she who called you.

§øng ®»ng sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh­ than, as (Lçi c¬ b¶n)

§»ng sau c¸c ng«i sè nhiÒu nh­ we, you cã quyÒn dïng mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu trùc tiÕp ®»ng sau.

Ex: We students are going to have a party (Sinh viªn chóng t«i .....)

You guys (Bän mµy)

We/ You/ They + all/ both

Ex: We all go to school now

They both bought the ensurance

You all come shopping.

Nh­ng nÕu all hoÆc both ®i víi c¸c ®¹i tõ nµy ë d¹ng c©u cã ®éng tõ kÐp (Future, progressive, perfect) th× all hoÆc both sÏ ®øng sau trî ®éng tõ

Ex: We will all go to school next week.

They have both gone away.

All vµ Both cïng ph¶i ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be trªn tÝnh tõ

Ex: We are all ready to go swimming.

Dïng he/she thay thÕ cho c¸c vËt nu«i hoÆc c¸c ®å dïng nÕu chóng ®­îc xem lµ th©n thiÕt, cã tÝnh c¸ch, th«ng minh hoÆc cã t×nh c¶m - chã , mÌo, ngùa, «t«.

Ex: Go and find the cat if where she stays in.

How's your new car? Terrific, she's running beautifully.

Tªn n­íc ®­îc thay thÕ trang träng: she, her

Ex: England is an island country and she's governed by a mornach.

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷

me it

you us

him you

her them

§øng ®»ng sau c¸c ®¹i tõ vµ c¸c giíi tõ lµm t©n ng÷ : us/ you/ them + all/ both

Ex: They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night.

They asked them both to the party.

§»ng sau us cã thÓ dïng mét danh tõ sè nhiÒu trùc tiÕp

Ex: The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.

TÝnh tõ së h÷u

my our

your your

his

her their

its

§øng tr­íc mét danh tõ vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ng­êi hoÆc vËt ®èi víi danh tõ ®ã.

§¹i tõ së h÷u

mine ours

yours yours

his

hers theirs

its

Ng­êi ta dïng ®¹i tõ së h÷u ®Ó tr¸nh khái ph¶i nh¾c l¹i tÝnh tõ së h÷u + danh tõ ®· nãi ë trªn.

§øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ.

§øng sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh­ than hoÆc as

Ex: Your teacher is the same as his teacher. Yours is the same as his.

§øng sau ®éng tõ to be

§øng ®»ng sau mét ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng lµm t©n ng÷.

Ex: I forgot my homework. I forgot mine

§¹i tõ ph¶n th©n

myself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself

herself themselves

itself

Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t chñ ng÷ lµm mét viÖc g× cho chÝnh m×nh. Trong tr­êng hîp nµy nã ®øng ngay ®»ng sau ®éng tõ hoÆc giíi tõ for ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: I washed myself

He sent the letter to himself.

Dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy viÖc g×, trong tr­êng hîp nµy nã ®øng ngay sau chñ ng÷. Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nã cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi c©u, khi nãi h¬i ng­ng l¹i mét chót.

Ex: I myself believe that the proposal is good.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

By + oneself = mét m×nh.

Ex: John washed the dishes by himself (alone)

T©n ng÷

Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø ®éng tõ nµo trong tiÕng Anh còng ®Òu ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ ®øng sau nã lµ mét danh tõ. Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ l¹i ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ kh¸c. Chóng chia lµm hai lo¹i.

§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷

B¶ng d­íi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ kh¸c.

agree attempt claim decide demand desire expect fail forget hesitate hope intend learn need offer plan prepare pretend refuse seem strive tend want wish

Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.

V - ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷

B¶ng d­íi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái t©n ng÷ theo sau nã ph¶i lµ mét V- ing

admit appreciate avoid can't help consider delay deny enjoy finish mind miss postpone practice quit recall repeat resent resist resume risk suggest Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.

L­u ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mÉu ®éng tõ can't help doing/ but do smt: kh«ng thÓ ®õng ®­îc ph¶i lµm g×

Ex: With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh cho c¸c ®éng tõ trªn ®©y dïng lµm t©n ng÷ ph¶i ®Æt not tr­íc nguyªn thÓ hoÆc verb - ing.

B¶ng d­íi ®©y lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ t©n ng÷ sau nã cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc mét V- ing mµ ng÷ nghÜa kh«ng thay ®æi.

begin can't stand continue dread hate like love prefer regret start try

L­u ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mét ®éng tõ can't stand to do/doing smt: kh«ng thÓ chÞu ®ùng ®­îc khi ph¶i lµm g×.

Ex: He can't stand to wait/ waiting such a long time.

Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ ®æi kh¸c hoµn toµn khi t©n ng÷ sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V- ing.

1) Stop to do smt: dõng l¹i ®Ó lµm g×

2) Stop doing smt: dõng lµm viÖc g×

3) Remember to do smt: Nhí sÏ ph¶i lµm g×

Ex: I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorow morning.

4) Remember doing smt: Nhí lµ ®· lµm g×

Ex: I remember locking the door because leaving, but now I can't find the key.

§Æc biÖt nã th­êng ®­îc dïng víi mÉu c©u: S + still remember + V-ing : VÉn cßn nhí lµ ®·...

Ex: I still remember buying the first motorbike

5) Forget to do smt: quªn sÏ ph¶i lµm g× (Gi÷ nguyªn 1 lÇn)

Ex: I forgot to pickup my child after school

6) Forget doing smt: Quªn ®· kh«ng lµm g× (ChØ ®­îc dïng trong c¸c mÉu c©u phñ ®Þnh.

§Æc biÖt nã th­êng ®­îc dïng víi mÉu c©u S + will never forget + V-ing: sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®­îc lµ ®· ...

Ex: She will never forget meeting the Queen.

7) Regret to do smt: LÊy lµm tiÕc v× ph¶i (th­êng b¸o tin xÊu)

Ex: We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the bad weather.

8) Regret doing smt: LÊy lµm tiÕc v× ®·

Ex: He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.

C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ

TÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ ®Òu ph¶i ë d¹ng V-ing

Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ th­êng ®i kÌm víi giíi tõ to. Kh«ng ®­îc nhÇm lÉn giíi tõ nµy víi to cña ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

Verb + prepositions + V-ing approve of be better of count on depend on give up insist on keep on put off rely on succeed in think about think of worry about object to look forward to confess to Ex: Fred confessed to stealing the jewels

Adjective + prepositions + V-ing accustomed to afraid of capable of fond of intent on interested in successful in tired of Ex: Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

Noun + prepositions + V-ing choice of excuse for intention of method for possibility of reason for (method of) Ex: There is no reason for leaving this early.

Kh«ng ph¶i bÊt cø tÝnh tõ nµo còng ®Òu ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét giíi tõ + V-ing. Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ ë b¶ng sau l¹i ®ßi hái sau nã lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

anxious boring dangerous hard eager easy good strange pleased prepared ready able usual common difficult Ex: It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

able/ unable to do smt = capable/ incapable of doing smt.

VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr­íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷.

§øng tr­íc mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ vµ danh tõ sÏ lµ t©n ng÷.

allow ask beg convince expect instruct invite order permit persuade prepare promise remind urge want

S + V + complement form (pronoun/ noun) + [to + verb]

Ex: Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up.

Ex: We ordered him to appear in court.

Tuy nhiªn ®øng tr­íc mét V- ing lµm t©n ng÷ th× d¹ng cña ®¹i tõ vµ danh tõ sÏ lµ së h÷u.

Subject + verb + possessive form (pronoun/ noun) + V-ing

Ex: We understand your not being able to stay longer.

Ex: We object to their calling at this hour.

c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt

Need

1) Dïng nh­ mét ®éng tõ th­êng: ®­îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã

a) Khi chñ ng÷ lµ mét ®éng vËt + need + to + verb

Ex: My friend needs to learn Spanish.

b) Khi chñ ng÷ lµ mét bÊt ®éng vËt + need + to be + PII/ V-ing

Ex: The grass needs cutting or The grass needs to be cut

Need = to be in need of + noun

Ex: Jill is in need of money (Jill needs money).

Want vµ Require ( khi mang nghÜa cÇn) còng ®­îc dïng theo mÉu c©u nµy

Want/ Require + verb-ing

Ex: Your hair wants cutting

Ex: All ears require servicing regularly

2) Need ®­îc sö dông nh­ mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

Lu«n ë d¹ng hiÖn t¹i.

Ng«i thø ba sè Ýt kh«ng cã "s" tËn cïng

ChØ dïng ë thÓ nghi vÊn vµ phñ ®Þnh

Kh«ng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do.

Sau need ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ bá "to"

Ex: We needn't reserve seats - there will be plenty of rooms.

Ex: Need I fill out the form ?

Dïng sau c¸c tõ nh­ if/ whether/ only/ scarcely/ hardly/ no one

Ex: I wonder if I need fill out the form

This is the only form you need fill out.

Needn't + have + P2 : LÏ ra kh«ng cÇn ph¶i

Ex: You needn't have came so early - only waste your time.

L­u ý: Needn't = kh«ng cÇn ph¶i trong khi mustn't = kh«ng ®­îc phÐp.

Dare

1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m"

Kh«ng dïng ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh, chØ dïng ë thÓ nghi vÊn vµ phñ ®Þnh. Nã cã thÓ dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do hoÆc víi chÝnh b¶n th©n nã. §éng tõ sau nã vÒ mÆt lý thuyÕt lµ cã to nh­ng trªn thùc tÕ th­êng bá.

Ex: Did they dare (to) do such a thing = Dared they do such a thing

Ex: He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything.

Dare kh«ng ®­îc dïng ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh ngo¹i trõ thµnh ng÷ I dare say/ I daresay víi 2 nghÜa sau:

T«i cho r»ng: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train

T«i thõa nhËn lµ: I daresay you are right.

How dare/ dared + S + Verb in simple form: Sao ... d¸m (tá sù giËn gi÷)

Ex: How dared you open my letter.

2) Dare dïng nh­ mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ

Mang nghÜa th¸ch thøc, t©n ng÷ sau nã ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ.

Dare sb to do smt: Th¸ch ai lµm g×

Ex: They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather.

C¸ch sö dông "to be" trong mét sè tr­êng hîp

To be of + noun = to have: cã (dïng ®Ó chØ tÝnh chÊt hoÆc t×nh c¶m)

Ex: Mary is of a gentle nature: Mary cã mét b¶n chÊt tinh tÕ.

To be of + noun: NhÊn m¹nh cho danh tõ ®øng ®»ng sau

Ex: The newly-opened restaurant is of (ë ngay) the Leceister Square

To be + to + verb: lµ d¹ng cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt ®­îc sö dông trong nh÷ng tr­êng hîp sau:

§Ó truyÒn ®¹t c¸c mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc c¸c chØ dÉn tõ ng«i thø nhÊt qua ng«i thø hai ®Õn ng«i thø ba.

Ex: No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

Dïng víi mÖnh ®Ò if khi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh diÔn ®¹t mét c©u tiÒn ®iÒu kiÖn: Mét ®iÒu ph¶i x¶y ra tr­íc nhÊt nÕu mét ®iÒu kh¸c sÏ x¶y ra.( nÕu muèn .. . th× ph¶i)

Ex1: If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry.

Ex2: Smt must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be save.

Ex3: He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam

§­îc dïng ®Ó th«ng b¸o nh÷ng yªu cÇu xin chØ dÉn

Ex: He asked the air traffic control where he was to land.

§­îc dïng rÊt phæ biÕn ®Ó truyÒn ®¹t mét dù ®Þnh, mét sù s¾p ®Æt, ®Æc biÖt khi nã lµ chÝnh thøc.

Ex1: She is to get married next month.

Ex2: The expedition is to start in a week.

Ex3: We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June.

To be + to + V =Will (dïng ®Ó tr¶ lêi ng­êi hái)

Ex: We are to get a ten percent wage rise in Jun (will kh«ng®­îc hái mµ chØ tr¶ lêi).

CÊu tróc nµy rÊt th«ng dông trªn b¸o chÝ, khi lµ tùa ®Ò b¸o th× to be ®­îc bá ®i ®Ó tiÕt kiÖm chç.

Ex: The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.

were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = thÕ nÕu (diÔn ®¹t mét gi¶ thuyÕt)

Ex: Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me?

was/ were + to + verb: §Ó diÔn ®¹t ý t­ëng vÒ mét sè mÖnh ®· ®Þnh s½n

Ex1: They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

Ex2: Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending in zero were to be died (have been destined to die)in office.

to be about to + verb = near future (s¾p söa)

Ex: They are about to leave.

Trong mét sè d¹ng c©u ®Æc biÖt

Be + adj ... më ®Çu cho mét ng÷ = tá ra...

Ex: Be careless (Tá ra bÊt cÈn...) in a national park where there are bears around and the result are likely to be tragical indeed

Be + it + noun/ noun phrase = h·y xem nh­, cho dï lµ

Ex: Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it (h·y xem nh­...) the Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son.

Ex:To have technique is to possess the physicalo expertise to perform whatever step a given work may contain be they simple or complex.

"to get " trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt

To get + P2

get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.

ChØ viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy hoÆc tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã.

Ex: You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (... tù mÆc quÇn ¸o)

Ex: He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (tr¹ng th¸i l¹c)

TuyÖt nhiªn kh«ng ®­îc lÉn tr­êng hîp nµy víi ®éng tõ bÞ ®éng.

§éng tõ to be cã thÓ dïng thay thÕ cho get trong lo¹i c©u nµy.

Get + V-ing = Star + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g×

Ex: We'd better got moving, it's late.

Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu.

Ex: Please get him talking about the main task. (Lµm ¬n b¶o anh ta b¾t ®Çu nãi vÒ nhiÖm vô chÝnh ®i)

Ex: When we get the heater running, the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chóng ta cho m¸y s­ëi b¾t ®Çu ch¹y...)

Get + to + verb

T×m ®­îc c¸ch.

Ex: We could get to enter the stadiums without tickets.(Chóng t«i ®· t×m ®­îc c¸ch lät vµo...)

Cã c¬ may.

Ex: When do I get to have a promotion.(Khi nµo t«i cã c¬ may ®­îc t¨ng l­¬ng ®©y)

§­îc phÐp

Ex: At last we got to meet the general director. (Cuèi cïng th× råi chóng t«i còng ®­îc phÐp gÆp)

Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) = Gradually = dÇn dÇn

Ex: We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.

Ex: He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult

C©u hái

TiÕng Anh cã nhiÒu lo¹i c©u hái bao gåm nh÷ng chøc n¨ng vµ môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau

C©u hái Yes/ No

auxiliary

be + S + V ...?

do, does, did

Së dÜ gäi lµ nh­ vËy v× khi tr¶ lêi ®­îc dïng Yes/ No ë ®Çu c©u. Nªn nhí r»ng :

Yes + Positive verb / No + Negative verb:tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc tr¶ lêi theo kiÓu c©u tiÕng ViÖt.

C©u hái th«ng b¸o

Lµ lo¹i c©u dïng víi mét lo¹t c¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn

a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷

§øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. §éng tõ sau nã nÕu ë thêi hiÖn t¹i ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: What happened last night ?

b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷

Chóng vÉn ®øng ®Çu c©u nh­ng lµm t©n ng÷ cho c©u hái. Nªn nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh qui chuÈn b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng whom mÆc dï trong v¨n nãi cã thÓ dïng who thay cho whom (Lçi c¬ b¶n).

Ex: What did George buy at the store?

c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why

Ex: How did Maria get to school today ?

C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp

Lµ lo¹i c©u mang nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh nh­ sau:

C©u cã hai thµnh phÇn nèi víi nhau b»ng mét ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn.

§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò hai ph¶i ®Æt xu«i theo chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc cÊu t¹o c©u hái.

§¹i tõ nghi vÊn kh«ng chØ lµ 1 tõ mµ cßn bao gåm 2 hoÆc 3 tõ.

S + V (phrase) + question word + S + V

Ex: The authorities can't figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.

auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V

Ex: Do you know where he went ?.

Question word cã thÓ lµ mét phrase: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, what kind.

Ex: I have no idea how long the interview will take.

C©u hái cã ®u«i

C©u chia lµm hai thµnh phÇn t¸ch biÖt nhau bëi dÊu phÈy.

NÕu ®éng tõ ë thµnh phÇn chÝnh chia ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh th× ®éng tõ ë phÇn ®u«i chia ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh vµ ng­îc l¹i.

Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë ®u«i ph¶i theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

§éng tõ th­êng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. C¸c ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp dïng víi chÝnh trî ®éng tõ cña nã. §éng tõ to be ®­îc phÐp dïng trùc tiÕp.

C¸c thµnh ng÷ there is, there are vµ it is ®­îc dïng l¹i ë phÇn ®u«i.

Trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Mü, to have lµ ®éng tõ th­êng, do vËy nã ph¶i dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do.

Ex1: You have two children, don't you ?

Ex2: He should stay in bed, shouldn't he ?

Ex3: She has been studying English for two years, hasn't she ?

L­u ý: Khi sö dông lo¹i c©u hái nµy nªn nhí r»ng ng­êi hái chØ nh»m ®Ó kh¼ng ®Þnh ý kiÕn cña m×nh ®· biÕt chø kh«ng nh»m ®Ó hái. Do ®ã khi chÊm c©u hiÓu trong TOEFL ph¶i dùa vµo thÓ ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh chø kh«ng dùa vµo thÓ ®éng tõ ë phÇn ®u«i.

Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh

Phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh

Lµ lèi nãi phô häa l¹i ý kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ng­êi kh¸c t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÖt: còng thÕ.

CÊu tróc ®­îc dïng sÏ lµ so, too.

§éng tõ to be ®­îc phÐp dïng trùc tiÕp, ®éng tõ th­êng dïng víi trî ®éng tõ to do. C¸c ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp (Future, perfect, progressive) dïng víi chÝnh trî ®éng tõ cña nã.

affirmative statement (be) + and +

Ex: I am happy, and you are too

I am happy, and so are you.

affirmative statement + and +

(compound verb)

Ex: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

affirmative statement + and +

(single verb except be)

Ex: Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

Phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh

§Ó phô häa l¹i ý phñ ®Þnh cña ng­êi kh¸c, t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÖt:còng kh«ng.

Thµnh ng÷ ®­îc sö dông sÏ lµ either vµ neither. Nªn nhí r»ng:

Either + negative verb

Neither + positive verb

Sö dông gièng lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh víi 3 lo¹i: to be, ®éng tõ th­êng vµ c¸c ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp.

negative statement + and +

Ex: I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either.

I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

L­u ý: C¸c lèi nãi me too vµ me neither chØ ®­îc dïng trong v¨n nãi, tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt.

C©u phñ ®Þnh

§Ó cÊu t¹o c©u phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau ®éng tõ to be - c¸c trî ®éng tõ to do cña ®éng tõ th­êng - c¸c trî ®éng tõ ë thêi kÐp.

§Æt any ®»ng tr­íc danh tõ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh trong phñ ®Þnh. Nªn nhí r»ng trong tiÕng Anh cña ng­êi Mü th× not any + noun = not .... a single noun.

Ex: He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo phñ ®Þnh cña danh tõ. Ng­êi ta ®Ó ®éng tõ ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ vµ ®Æt no tr­íc danh tõ. Lóc ®ã no = not ... at all.

Mét sè c¸c c©u hái ë d¹ng phñ ®Þnh sÏ mang hai nghÜa:

NhÊn m¹nh cho sù kh¼ng ®Þnh cña ng­êi nãi.

Ex: Shouldn't you put on your heat, too! : ThÕ th× anh còng ®éi lu«n mò vµo ®i.

Ex: Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight: ThÕ anh ®· ch¼ng nãi lµ anh ®i dù tiÖc tèi nay hay sao.

Dïng ®Ó t¸n d­¬ng

Ex: Wasn't the weather wonderful yesterday: Thêi tiÕt h«m qua ®Ñp tuyÖt vêi.

Ex: Wouldn't it be nice if we didn't have to work on Friday: ThËt lµ tuyÖt vêi khi chóng ta kh«ng ph¶i lµm viÖc ngµy thø 6.

Negative + Negative = Positive. (emphasizing - NhÊn m¹nh)

Ex: It's unbelieveable that he is not rich.

Negative + comparative (more/ less) = superlative

Ex: I couldn't agree with you less = absolutely disagree.

Ex: You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day = the best day to go to the beach.

Nh­ng ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn v× :

Ex: He couldn't have been more unfriendly (the most unfriendly) when I met him first.

Ex: The surgery couldn't have been more unnecessary (absolutely unnecessary).

Negative ..... much less + noun/ verb in simple form: kh«ng ... mµ l¹i cµng kh«ng.

Ex: These students don't like readung novel, much less textbook.

Ex: It's unbelieveable how he could have survived such a freefall, much less live to tell about it on television

Mét sè c¸c phã tõ trong tiÕng Anh mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh, khi ®· dïng nã trong c©u kh«ng ®­îc cÊu t¹o thÓ phñ ®Þnh cña ®éng tõ n÷a.

hardly, barely, scarcely = almost no = hÇu nh­ kh«ng.

hardlyever, seldom, rarely = almost never = hÇu nh­ kh«ng bao giê.

subject + negative adverb + positive verb

subject + to be/ to have + negative adverb

L­u ý r»ng c¸c phã tõ nµy kh«ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh hoµn toµn mµ mang nghÜa gÇn nh­ phñ ®Þnh. §Æc biÖt lµ nh÷ng tõ nh­ barely vµ scarcely khi ®i víi nh÷ng tõ nh­ enough vµ only.

Ex: She barely make it to class on time: C« ta ®Õn líp võa vÆn ®óng giê.

Ex: Do you have enough money for the tution fee? Only barely (Scarcely enough):Võa ®ñ.

§èi víi nh÷ng ®éng tõ nh­ to think, to believe, to suppose, to imagine + that + sentense. Ph¶i cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë c¸c ®éng tõ ®ã, kh«ng ®­îc cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ë mÖnh ®Ò thø hai.

Ex: I don't think you came to class yesterday.

Ex: I don't believe she stays at home now.

Trong d¹ng informal English, mét cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh nh­ng kh«ng mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh ®«i khi ®­îc sö dông sau nh÷ng ý chØ sù nghi ngê hoÆc kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n, ®Æc biÖt phñ ®Þnh kÐp.

Ex: I shouldn't be suprised if they didn't get married soon. (=if they got married soon)

I wonder/ whether I oughtn't to go and see a doctor. (= I ought to go and see a doctor). I'm feeling a bit tired.

No matter+ Who/What/Which/ Where/When/ How+ Subject + V (in simple present) ( dï cã .. . ®i ch¨ng n÷a th×)

No matter who telephone, say 'I am out'.

No matter where you go, you will find a Cocacola.

L­u ý: No matter what (= Whatever) you say I will not believe you.

C¸c cÊu tróc nµy cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u mµ kh«ng cã mÖnh ®Ò nµo theo sau

Ex: I will love you, no matter what.

Not .. . at all : ch¼ng chót nµo

Ex: I do not understand anything at all.

She was hardly frightened at all.

At all cßn ®­îc dïng víi c©u hái, ®Æc biÖt ®­îc dïng víi nh÷ng tõ nh­ : if, ever, any...

Ex: Do you play tennis at all ?

He will come before supper if he comes at all.

You can come whenever you like any time at all.

Not at all (kh«ng cã g×) : ®Ó ®¸p l¹i lêi c¶m ¬n.

Chñ ng÷ + link V in negative + at all + adj

Ex: He isn't at all satisfied with his paper.

MÖnh lÖnh thøc

Chia lµm 2 lo¹i: Trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp.

MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕp

Ex: Close the door

Ex: Please don't turn off the light.

MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ to order/ ask/ say/ tell sb/ do/ not to do smt.

Ex: John asked Jill to turn off the light.

Ex: Please tell Jaime not to leave the room.

Chó ý: let's kh¸c let us

Ex: let's go: m×nh ®i nµo

Ex: let us go: ®Ó chóng t«i ®i ®i

C©u hái cã ®u«i cña let's lµ shall we

Ex: Let's go out for dinner, shall we?

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau vµ mang nh÷ng ®Æc ®iÓm:

present tense past tense will

can

may

shall

must (have to) would (used to)

could

might

should (ought to) (had better)

(had to)

Kh«ng cã tiÓu tõ "to" ®»ng tr­íc.

§éng tõ nµo ®i sau nã ph¶i bá "to".

Kh«ng cÇn dïng víi trî ®éng tõ mµ dïng víi chÝnh b¶n th©n nã trong c¸c d¹ng c©u nghi vÊn vµ c©u phñ ®Þnh.

Kh«ng bao giê hai ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®i cïng nhau, nÕu cã th× ®éng tõ thø hai ph¶i biÕn sang mét d¹ng kh¸c.

will have to (must), will be able to (can), will be allowed to (may)

C©u ®iÒu kiÖn

§iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i

If + S + simple present - S + will/ can/ shall/ may + V in simple form.

Ex: If he tries much more, he will improve his English.

§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i

If + S + simple past - S + would/ could/ should/ might + V in simple form

Ex: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house .

§éng tõ to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i (lçi c¬ b¶n).

Ex: If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp, ng­êi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o were lªn trªn chñ ng÷

Ex: Were I you, I wouldn't do such a thing.

§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø

If + S + had + P2 - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + P2

Ex: If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o had lªn phÝa tr­íc.

L­u ý: C©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo qui luËt trªn. Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp mét vÕ cña ®iÒu kiÖn sÏ lµ qu¸ khø nh­ng vÕ cßn l¹i ë hiÖn t¹i do thêi gian qui ®Þnh.

Ex: If she had caugh the train, she would be here by now.

will, would, could, should sau if

Th«ng th­êng c¸c ®éng tõ nµy ®­îc sö dông víi if trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn, tuy nhiªn vÉn cã ngo¹i lÖ.

If you will/would : NÕu ..... vui lßng. Th­êng ®­îc dïng trong c¸c yªu cÇu lÞch sù. Would lÞch sù h¬n will.

Ex: If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.

If + Subject + Will/Would : NÕu ..... chÞu. §Ó diÔn ®¹t ý tù nguyÖn.

Ex: If he will listent to me, I can help him.

Will cßn ®­îc dïng theo mÉu c©u nµy ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù ngoan cè: NÕu ..... nhÊt ®Þnh, NÕu ..... cø.

Ex: If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbour complain.

If you could: Xin vui lßng. DiÔn ®¹t lÞch sù 1 yªu cÇu mµ ng­êi nãi cho r»ng ng­êi kia sÏ ®ång ý nh­ lµ mét lÏ ®­¬ng nhiªn.

Ex: If you could open your book, please.

If + Subject + should + ..... + imperative (mÖnh lÖnh thøc): VÝ pháng nh­. DiÔn ®¹t mét t×nh huèng dï cã thÓ x¶y ra ®­îc song rÊt khã.

Ex: If you should find any dificulty in using that TV, please call me this number.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta bá if ®i vµ ®¶o should lªn trªn chñ ng÷ (Should you find)

Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña "if"

1.If .. . then( NÕu..th×)

Ex: If she can come to us, then we will have to go and see her.

2.If dïng trong c©u kh«ng ph¶i ®iÒu kiÖn

§éng tõ ë c¸c mÖn ®Ò diÔn biÕn b×nh th­êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã

Ex: If you want to learn a musical instrument you have to practise it

If you did not much math sch«l, you will find that economics is difficult to understand.

3.If .. should= if .. happen to= if .. should happen to( DiÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n)

Ex: If you should happen to pass supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs

4.If .. was/were to : DiÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt hoÆc t­ëng t­îng ë t­¬ng lai

Ex: If the boss was to come in now(=if the boss come in now), we would be in real trouble.

What would we do if I was to loose my job.

HoÆc cã thÓ diÔn ®¹t ý lÞch sù khi ®­a ra ®Ò nghÞ:

Ex: If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.

L­u ý: CÊu tróc nµy tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng víi c¸c V tÜnh hoÆc chØ tr¹ng th¸i t­ duy

corect: If I knew her name, I would tell you.

Incorrect: If I was/ were to know her name ...

5.If it + be + not +for (nÕu kh«ng v× , nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo)

Thêi hiÖn t¹i:

If it was not for the children, that couple would not have any thing to talk about.

Thêi qu¸ khø:

If it had not been for your help I do not know what have done.

6.Not ®«i khi ®­îc thªm vµo sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n( cã nªn.. hay kh«ng) kh«ng cã nghÜa phñ ®Þnh

I wonder if we should not ask the doctor to look at Mary.

7.If would .. If +Subject + would= sÏ lµ .. nÕu (Kh«ng ®­îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt)

It would be better, if they would tell everybody in advance.

How would we fill if this would happen to our family.

8.If I would have - I would have : diÔn t¶ ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø (dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt)

If I'd have known, I'd have told you.

If she'd have recognized him, I'd have been funny.

9.If + giíi tõ + Noun/Verb.. ( S + be bÞ l­îc bá)

If in doubt(= if you are in doubt), ask for help.

If about to go on a long jouney(= if you are about to go on) , try to have a good night sleep.

10.If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi 1 sè tõ phô : any/ anything/ ever/ not (diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh)

I am not angry, if any thing I fell a little surprise

He seldom if ever travel abroad

thµnh ng÷ nµy cßn diÔn ®¹t ý ­ím thö( nÕu cã)

I would say you were a more farther, if any thing

11.If + adj = athough (cho dï lµ)

Nghi· kh«ng m¹nh = athough dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t quan ®iÓm hoÆc vÊn ®Ò g× ®ã kh«ng quan träng.

His style, if simple, is pleasant to read.

The profits if little lower than last year's are still extremly wealthy.

CÊu tróc nµy cã thÓ thay = may... but

His style may be simple but is pleasant to read.

to Hope - to Wish

Hai ®éng tõ nµy tuy cïng nghÜa nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÒ c¸ch sö dông vµ b¶n chÊt ng÷ ph¸p.

§éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò sau hope (hi väng r»ng) sÏ diÔn biÕn b×nh th­êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh mÖnh ®Ò ®ã.

§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish b¾t buéc ph¶i ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc. §iÒu kiÖn ®ã chia lµm 3 thêi:

§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t­¬ng lai

S + wish + (that) + S + would + V hoÆc

could + V

were + [V + ing].

Ex: We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come)

§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i

§éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish sÏ chia ë Simple past, to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.

§iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø

S + wish + + (that) + S + past perfect

could have + P2

Ex: I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.

She wishes that she could have been there.

L­u ý 1: §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau wish chØ cã thÓ bÞ ¶nh h­ëng cña wish lµ b¾t buéc ph¶i ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc nh­ng ®iÒu kiÖn Êy ë thêi nµo l¹i phô thuéc vµo chÝnh thêi gian cña b¶n th©n mÖnh ®Ò chø kh«ng vµo wish.

Ex: She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday. (Past)

He wished that he would come to visit me next week. (Future)

The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standung now. (Present).

L­u ý 2 : CÇn ph©n biÖt wish (­íc g×/ mong g×) víi wish mang nghÜa chóc trong mÉu c©u To wish sb to do smt

Ex: I wish you a happy birthday.

L­u ý 3 : CÇn ph©n biÖt wish (­íc g×/ mong g×) víi wish mang nghÜa muèn trong mÉu c©u: To wish to do smt (Muèn lµm g×)

To wish smb to do smt (Muèn ai lµm g×)

Ex: Why do you wish to see the manager.

I wish to make a complaint.

The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a fore ign university.

Wish (lÞch sù/ trang träng nhÊt) = would like (lÞch sù) = want (th©n mËt)

as if - as though

(gÇn nh­ lµ, nh­ thÓ lµ)

MÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy th­êng xuyªn ë d¹ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc. §iÒu kiÖn nµy chia lµm 2 thêi:

Thêi hiÖn t¹i: nÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tr­íc chia ë thêi hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau chia ë qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n. To be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter)

Thêi qu¸ khø: NÕu ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò tr­íc chia ë qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n th× ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau chia ë qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh.

Ex: Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (He didn't see a ghost)

L­u ý: MÖnh ®Ò sau as if, as though kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng tu©n theo qui luËt trªn. NÕu ®iÒu kiÖn trong c©u lµ cã thËt hoÆc theo quan niÖm cña ng­êi nãi, ng­êi viÕt lµ cã thËt th× hai c«ng thøc trªn kh«ng ®­îc sö dông. §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau diÔn biÕn b×nh th­êng theo mèi quan hÖ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He looks as if he has finished the test.

Used to, to be / get used to

Used to + Verb: Th­êng hay ®· tõng. ChØ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng th­êng xuyªn x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø.

Ex: When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)

Nghi vÊn: Did + S + used to + Verb = Used + S + to + V.

Phñ ®Þnh: S + didn't + used to + Verb = S + used not to + V.

L­u ý: Used to + V cã thÓ thay b»ng would nh­ng Ýt khi v× dÔ nhÇm lÉn.

To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Trë nªn quen víi.

Ex: He is used to swimming every day.

Ex: He got used to American food.

would rather

would rather .... than = prefer .... to = thÝch h¬n lµ.

§»ng sau would rather b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ mét V bá to nh­ng sau prefer lµ mét V-ing vµ cã thÓ bá ®i ®­îc.

Khi would rather .... than mang nghÜa thµ .... cßn h¬n lµ th× prefer .... to kh«ng thÓ thay thÕ ®­îc.

Ex: They would rather die on freedom than live in slavery.

Ex: He prefers dogs to cats. (Anh ta thÝch chã h¬n mÌo)

Ex: He would rather have dogs than cats (Anh ta thµ nu«i chã h¬n mÌo)

ViÖc sö dông would rather cßn tïy thuéc vµo sè chñ ng÷ vµ nghÜa cña c©u.

Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷

CÊu tróc sö dông cho lo¹i c©u nµy lµ would rather ... than lµ lo¹i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®­îc vµ chia lµm 2 thêi:

Thêi hiÖn t¹i: Sau would rather lµ nguyªn thÓ bá to. NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tr­íc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

Thêi qu¸ khø: §éng tõ sau would rather ph¶i lµ have + P2 , nÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tr­íc have.

Ex: Jim would rather not have gone to class yesterday than today.

Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷

Lo¹i c©u nµy dïng thµnh ng÷ would rather that (­íc g×, mong g×) vµ dïng trong mét sè tr­êng hîp sau:

a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i

Lµ lo¹i c©u ng­êi thø 1 muèn ng­êi thø 2 lµm viÖc g× nh­ng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phô thuéc vµo ng­êi thø 2. Trong tr­êng hîp nµy ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò thø 2 ®Ó ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ bá to. NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not tr­íc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

Ex: I would rather that you call me tomorrow.

Ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i ngµy nay ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p MÜ cho phÐp bá that trong cÊu tróc nµy mµ vÉn gi÷ nguyªn h×nh thøc gi¶ ®Þnh.

Ex: He would rather (that) he not take this train.

b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i

§éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ hai sÏ chia ë simple past, to be ph¶i chia lµ were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.

Ex: Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.

Ex: Jane would rather that it were winter now.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh dïng didn't + V hoÆc were not sau chñ ng÷ thø 2.

c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø

§éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ thø 2 sÏ chia ë d¹ng past perfect.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh dïng hadn't + P2.

Ex: Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

L­u ý: Trong lèi nãi b×nh th­êng hµng ngµy ng­êi ta dïng wish thay cho would rather that.

Would like

DiÔn ®¹t mét c¸ch lÞch sù lêi mêi mäc hoÆc ý m×nh muèn g×.

Ex: Would you like to dance with me ?

Kh«ng dïng do you want khi mêi mäc ng­êi kh¸c.

Trong BritishEnglish, nÕu ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù ­a thÝch cña chñ ng÷ th× sau like lµ mét V-ing.

Ex: He does like reading novel. (enjoyment)

Nh­ng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù lùa chän hoÆc thãi quen th× sau like ph¶i lµ mét V nguyªn thÓ.

Ex: Between the soccer and tenis, I like to see the former. (choice)

Ex:When making tea,he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first.(habit)

Nh­ng trong AmericanEnglish kh«ng cã sù ph©n biÖt nµy: TÊt c¶ sau like ®Òu lµ V nguyªn thÓ.

Wouldn't like = kh«ng ­a trong khi don't want = kh«ng muèn.

Ex: Would you like somemore coffee ?

Polite: No, thanks/ No, I don't want any more.

Impolite: I wouldn't like (thÌm vµo)

L­u ý: khi like ®­îc dïng víi nghÜa "cho lµ ®óng" hoÆc "cho lµ hay/ kh«n ngoan" th× bao giê theo sau còng lµ mét nguyªn thÓ cã to (infinitive)

Ex: She likes the children to play in the garden (She think they are safe playing there)

C« Êy muèn bän trÎ con ch¬i trong v­ên cho ch¾c/ cho an toµn

Ex: I like to go to the dentist's twice a year (T«i muèn ®Õn b¸c sÜ nha khoa 2 lÇn n¨m cho ch¾c).

Would like = would care /love/ hate/ prefer + to + V: khi diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn cho mét hµnh ®éng cô thÓ ë t­¬ng lai.

Ex: Would you like/ care to come with me? I'd love to/ I'd hate to(t«i rÊt tiÕc, xin v« phÐp)

Would like/ would care fore/ would enjoy + V-ing khi diÔn ®¹t khÈu vÞ, ý thÝch nãi chung cña chñ ng÷.

Ex: She would like/ would enjoy riding if she could ride better.

Ex: I wonder if Tom would care fore/ would enjoy hang-glidung.( bay tµu l­în)

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i

Could, May, Might + V in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ.

ChØ kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i nh­ng ng­êi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c. (C¶ 3 ®éng tõ ®Òu cã gi¸ trÞ nh­ nhau).

Ex: It might rain tomorrow.

Should + V in simple form

Nªn : diÔn ®¹t mét lêi khuyªn, sù gîi ý, sù b¾t buéc nh­ng kh«ng m¹nh l¾m.

Ex: Henry should study tonight.

Cã khi, cã lÏ : DiÔn ®¹t ng­êi nãi mong muèn ®iÒu ®ã sÏ x¶y ra. (Expect)

Ex: My check should arrive next week.

C¸c thµnh ng÷ had better, ought to, be supposed to ®Òu mang nghÜa t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi should víi ®iÒu kiÖn ®éng tõ to be trong thµnh ng÷ be supposed to ph¶i chia ë thêi hiÖn t¹i.

Ex: John ought to study tonight.

John is supposed to study tonight.

John had better study tonight.

L­u ý: Thµnh ng÷ be supposed to ngoµi ra cßn mang nghÜa: qui ®Þnh ph¶i, b¾t buéc ph¶i.

Ex: We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the teacher had to attend a conference.

Must + V in simple form

Ph¶i: mang nghÜa b¾t buéc rÊt m¹nh.

Ex: George must call his insurance agent today.

H¼n lµ: chØ sù suy luËn logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn t­îng cã thËt ë hiÖn t¹i.

Ex: John's lights are out. He must be asleep.

Ng­êi ta dïng have to thay cho must trong c¸c tr­êng hîp sau:

Qu¸ khø = had to.

Ex: Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.

T­¬ng lai = will have to.

Ex: We will have to take an exam next week.

HiÖn t¹i: Have to ®­îc dïng thay cho must ®Ó hái xem b¶n th©n m×nh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµm g× hoÆc ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù b¾t buéc do kh¸ch quan ®em l¹i. Gi¶m nhÑ tÝnh b¾t buéc cña must.

Ex: Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit.

Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card number written down in this register. I'm sorry but that's the way it's.

L­u ý: Have got to + V = must : Th­êng dïng nhiÒu trong v¨n nãi vµ th­êng xuyªn dïng cho nh÷ng hµnh ®éng ®¬n lÎ, t¸ch biÖt.

Ex: He has got to go to the office tonight.

Ex: I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø

Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®·

DiÔn ®¹t mét kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ ë qu¸ khø song ng­êi nãi kh«ng d¸m ch¾c.

Ex: It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.

Could have + P2 = lÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng)

Ex: He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night. (but he couldn't)

Might have been + V- ing = cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang

Ex: I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn

ChØ mét viÖc lÏ ra ®· ph¶i x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø nh­ng trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng.

Ex: Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)

CÊu tróc nµy t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi thµnh ng÷ : was/ were supposed to + V

Ex: John was supposed to go the post office this morning. (He didn't go)

Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®·

ChØ sù suy ®o¸n logic dùa trªn nh÷ng hiÖn t­îng cã thËt ë qu¸ khø.

Ex: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night

Must have been V- ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang

Ex: We didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house.

should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cô thÓ

DiÔn ®¹t kÕt qu¶ cña mét yÕu tè t­ëng t­îng: SÏ

Ex: If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.

Dïng trong mÖnh ®Ò cã that sau nh÷ng tÝnh tõ chØ tr¹ng th¸i nh­ anxious/ sorry/ concerned/ happy/ delighted....: lÊy lµm r»ng/ lÊy lµm ... v× ...

Ex: I'm anxious that she should be well cared for (T«i lo l¾ng r»ng liÖu c« Êy cã ®­îc s¨n sãc tèt kh«ng)

Ex: We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable (Chóng t«i lÊy lµm tiÕc v× anh kh«ng thÊy ®­îc tho¶i m¸i)

Ex: That you should speak to you like that is quite astonishing (C¸i ®iÒu mµ anh Êy nãi víi anh nh­ vËy qu¶ lµ ®¸ng ng¹c nhiªn).

Dïng víi if/ in case ®Ó chØ mét ®iÒu khã cã thÓ x¶y ra, ng­êi ta ®­a ra ý kiÕn chØ ®Ò phßng ngõa.

Ex: If you should change your mind=(Should you change your mind), please let me know.

Ex: In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.(Ngé nhì/ nÕu ch¼ng may «ng Êy quªn mÊt ra s©n bay th× sÏ kh«ng cã ai ë ®ã ®ãn c« ta mÊt)

Dïng sao so that/ in order that ®Ó chØ môc ®Ých (Thay cho would/ could)

Ex: He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.

Ex: She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

Dïng trong lêi yªu cÇu lÞch sù.

Ex: I should like to make a phone call, if possible (t«i xin phÐp gäi ®iÖn tho¹i nÕu t«i cã thÓ)

Dïng víi imagine/ say/ think... ®Ó ®­a ra lêi ®Ò nghÞ, thiÕt t­ëng, cho lµ ...

Ex: I should imagine it will take about 3 hours (T«i thiÕt t­ëng c«ng viÖc sÏ tèn mÊt 3 giê ®ång hå ®Êy).

Ex: I should say she's over 40 (T«i cho lµ bµ ta ®· ngoµi 40)

Dïng trong c©u hái ®Ó diÔn t¶ sù nghi ngê, thiÕu quan t©m

Ex: How should I know (Lµm sao t«i biÕt ®­îc kia chø)

Ex: Why should he thinks that? (sao nã l¹i nghÜ nh­ vËy chø)

Dïng víi c¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn nh­ what/ where/ who ®Ó diÔn t¶ sù ng¹c nhiªn, th­êng dïng víi "but".

Ex: I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself (T«i ®ang tÝnh lµ ®Õn th¨m John th× ng­êi xuÊt hiÖn l¹i chÝnh lµ anh Êy)

Ex: What should I find but an enormous spider (C¸i mµ t«i nh×n thÊy l¹i chÝnh lµ mét con nhÖn khæng lå)

TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ

Mét tÝnh tõ lu«n bæ nghÜa cho mét danh tõ vµ chØ mét danh tõ, nã lu«n ®øng tr­íc danh tõ ®­îc bæ nghÜa. Trong tiÕng Anh, cã duy nhÊt mét tÝnh tõ ®øng sau danh tõ: galore : nhiÒu, phong phó, dåi dµo

Ex: There were errors galore in the final test.

TÝnh tõ còng ®øng sau c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ (something, anything, anybody...)

Ex: It's something strange.

Ex: He is somebody quite unknown.

Mét phã tõ lu«n bæ nghÜa cho mét ®éng tõ, mét tÝnh tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c.

Ex: Maria Elena speaks Spanish fluently.

Mét sè c¸c phã tõ cã cÊu t¹o ®Æc biÖt: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. C¸c phã tõ nµy tr¶ lêi cho c©u hái how.

Ex: Rita drank too much cofee. (How much coffee did she drink?)

I don't play tenis very well. (How well do I play?)

John is reading carefully. ( How is John reading?)

He was driving fast. ( How was he driving?)

adj + "ly" = adv nh­ng ph¶i cÈn thËn v× mét sè adj còng cã ®u«i "ly" (lovely, friendly...). adv cña nh÷ng adj nµy ®­îc cÊu t¹o nh­ sau:

Ex: He behaved me in a friendly way/manner.

Ngoµi ra cßn mét sè c¸c côm tõ còng ®­îc coi lµ phã tõ, nã bao gåm mét giíi tõ më ®Çu víi c¸c danh tõ ®i sau ®Ó chØ: ®Þa ®iÓm (at home), thêi gian (at 5 p.m), ph­¬ng tiÖn (by train, with pencil), t×nh huèng, hµnh ®éng (in a very difficulty situation). TÊt c¶ c¸c côm nµy ®Òu ®­îc xem lµ phã tõ.

VÞ trÝ cña phã tõ trong c©u t­¬ng ®èi tho¶i m¸i vµ phøc t¹p, qui luËt:

NÕu ch­a biÕt ®Æt phã tõ ë ®©u th× vÞ trÝ th­êng xuyªn cña nã ë cuèi c©u, ®Æc biÖt c¸c phã tõ ®u«i ly.

C¸c phã tõ vµ côm phã tõ lµm bæ ng÷ ®øng cuèi c©u theo thø tù nh­ sau: chØ ph­¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng-chØ ®Þa ®iÓm-chØ thêi gian-chØ ph­¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng-chØ t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.

Kh«ng bao giê mét danh tõ hoÆc mét côm danh tõ ®­îc xen vµo gi÷a ®éng tõ vµ t©n ng÷.

NÕu trong c©u kh«ng cã phã tõ nµo kh¸c ngoµi phã tõ chØ thêi gian th× cã thÓ ®­a nã lªn ®Çu c©u.

Ex: In 1980, he graduated and found a job.

C¸c phã tõ chØ tÇn sè nh­: always, sometimes, often... lu«n ®øng tr­íc ®éng tõ hµnh ®éng nh­ng ®øng sau ®éng tõ to be.

Ex: The President always comes in time.

Ex: The President is always in time.

§éng tõ nèi

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau, mang nh÷ng tÝnh chÊt sau

be

become remain

stay appear

seem feel

look smell

sound taste Kh«ng diÔn ®¹t hµnh ®éng mµ diÔn ®¹t tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc b¶n chÊt sù viÖc.

§»ng sau chóng ph¶i lµ tÝnh tõ kh«ng thÓ lµ phã tõ.

Kh«ng ®­îc chia ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn dï d­íi bÊt cø thêi nµo.

L­u ý: Trong b¶ng cã c¸c cÆp ®éng tõ:

to seem to happen

= = d­êng nh­

to appear to chance

EMBED Equation.3 Chóng cã thÓ thay thÕ lÉn cho nhau, nh­ng kh«ng thÓ thay thÕ ngang hay thay thÕ chÐo.

C¸c ®éng tõ nµy ®­îc dïng theo mÉu c©u sau:

Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ it.

Ex: It seems/appears that they have passed the exam.

It happens/chances that they speak Spanish fluently.

Dïng víi chñ ng÷ thËt.

Ex: They seem/appear to have passed the exam.

They happen/ chance to speak Spanish fluently.

L­u ý r»ng happen vµ chance ngoµi ra cßn mang nghÜa t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn, may mµ.

Ex: She happened/chanced to be out when you called.

It happened/chanced that she was out when you called (NgÉu nhiªn c« ta kh«ng cã nhµ khi anh gäi ®iÖn)

Ex: She happened/chanced to be in when you called.

It happened that she was in when you called. (May mµ c« ta cã nhµ khi anh gäi ®iÖn ®Õn).

Ba ®éng tõ: to be, to become, to remain trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cã mét danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ danh tõ theo sau, khi ®ã chóng mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi.

Ex: Children often become bored (adj) at meetings.

Christine became class president (noun phrase) after a long, hard campaign.

Bèn ®éng tõ: to feel, to look, to smell, to taste trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cã thÓ lµ ng÷ ®éng tõ, ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ ®i sau nã, lóc nµy nã mÊt ®i chøc n¨ng cña mét ®éng tõ nèi, cã thÓ cã phã tõ ®i kÌm, thay ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa:

to feel: sê n¾n ®Ó kh¸m.

to look at: nh×n

to smell: ngöi

to taste: nÕm

EMBED Equation.3 Chóng ®­îc phÐp chia ë th× tiÕp diÔn.

Ex: The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly.

C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ

So s¸nh b»ng

CÊu tróc sö dông lµ as .... as

S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun

NÕu lµ phñ ®Þnh, as thø nhÊt cã thÓ thay b»ng so (chØ ®Ó dÔ ®äc - informal English)

Ex: He is not as tall as his father.

Ex: He is not so tall as his father.

Sau as ph¶i lµ mét ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng chñ ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc lµ mét nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷ (Lçi c¬ b¶n)

Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ®­îc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh trong tr­êng hîp nµy, nh­ng nªn nhí tr­íc khi so s¸nh ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng danh tõ ®ã ph¶i cã c¸c tÝnh tõ t­¬ng ®­¬ng.

CÊu tróc sö dông:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun

CÇn chó ý c¸c adj vµ danh tõ t­¬ng øng cña nã:

adjectives nouns heavy, light weight wide, narrow width deep, shallow depth long, short length big, small size

Ex: My house is as high as his.

My house is the same height as his.

The same...as >< different from...

Chó ý, trong AmericanEnglish, different than... còng cã thÓ ®­îc dïng nÕu sau chóng lµ mét mÖnh ®Ò hoµn chØnh. Tuy nhiªn tr­êng hîp nµy kh«ng phæ biÕn vµ kh«ng ®­a vµo c¸c bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p:

Ex: His appearance is different from what I have expected.

His appearance is different than I have expected.(American.E)

So s¸nh h¬n kÐm

Trong lo¹i so s¸nh nµy ng­êi ta chia lµm hai d¹ng: tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n (®äc lªn chØ cã mét vÇn). TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi (2 vÇn trë lªn).

§èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n chØ cÇn céng ®u«i er.

§èi víi tÝnh tõ ng¾n chØ cã mét nguyªn ©m kÑp gi÷a hai phô ©m tËn cïng, ph¶i gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi ®Ó tr¸nh thay ®æi c¸ch ®äc.

§èi víi nh÷ng tÝnh tõ tËn cïng lµ y dï cã hai vÇn vÉn bÞ coi lµ tÝnh tõ ng¾n, lo¹i nµy khi ë d¹ng so s¸nh h¬n ph¶i chuyÓn y(ier, vÝ dô happy ( happier.

Tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt:

strong ( stronger

friendly ( friendlier than...

hoÆc more friendly than...

§èi víi adj vµ adv dµi ph¶i dïng more vµ less.

Sau than ph¶i lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng chñ ng÷ (kh«ng ®­îc dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷).

Khi so s¸nh gi÷a mét ng­êi hoÆc mét vËt víi tÊt c¶ nh÷ng ng­êi hoÆc vËt kh¸c th× ph¶i thªm else sau anything/anybody.

Ex: He is smarter than anybody else.

§Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho so s¸nh cã thÓ ®Æt far/much tr­íc so s¸nh, c«ng thøc nh­ sau

S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv + er + than + noun/pronoun

S + V + far/much + more/ less + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun

Ex: Harry's watch is far more expensive than mine.

Ex: He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.

Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ®­îc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh b»ng hoÆc h¬n kÐm, nh­ng tr­íc khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh xem nã lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc, v× tr­íc chóng sÏ cã mét sè ®Þnh ng÷ dïng víi hai lo¹i danh tõ ®ã.

S + V + as + many/much/little/few + noun + as + noun/pronoun

S + V + more /fewer/less + noun + than + noun/pronoun

Ex: He earns as much money as his brother.

Ex: February has fewer days than March.

Ex: Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.

L­u ý: Sau as, than cña c¸c mÖnh ®Ò so s¸nh cã thÓ lo¹i bá chñ ng÷ nÕu nã trïng hîp víi chñ ng÷ thø 1 hoÆc chñ ng÷ gi¶ it ®Æc biÖt lµ khi V sau as/ than ë d¹ng bÞ ®éng, lóc nµy than vµ as cßn cã thªm chøc n¨ng 1 ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ:

Ex: incorrect: Their marriage was as stormy as it had been expected.

EMBED Equation.3 correct: Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected.

Ex: incorrect: Anne is going to join us as it was agreed last week.

EMBED Equation.3 correct: Anne is going to join us as was agreed last week.

Ex: incorrect: He worried more than that was good for him.

EMBED Equation.3 correct: He worried more than was good for him.

hoÆc c¸c t©n ng÷ còng ph¶i lo¹i bá sau c¸c V, sau than vµ as:

Ex: incorrect: They lose their passport as I did it last year.

EMBED Equation.3 correct: They lose their passport as I did last year.

Ex: incorrect: They send more than I had ordered it.

EMBED Equation.3 correct: They send more than I had ordered.

Ex: incorrect: She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to him.

EMBED Equation.3 correct: She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go.

So s¸nh hîp lý

Khi so s¸nh nªn nhí: c¸c môc dïng ®Ó so s¸nh ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng nhau: ng­êi-ng­êi, vËt-vËt.

Bëi vËy 3 c¸ch so s¸nh t­¬ng ®­¬ng cña danh tõ sÏ lµ: Së h÷u c¸ch - that of (cho sè Ýt) vµ those of (cho sè nhiÒu).

Së h÷u c¸ch:

Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.

(C©u nµy so s¸nh c¸c bøc tranh víi ng­êi chØ dÉn)

( Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor's.

(instructor's = instructor's drawings)

Dïng thªm that of cho danh tõ sè Ýt:

Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.

(C©u nµy so s¸nh salary víi secretary)

( Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.

(that of = the salary of)

Dïng thªm those of cho c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu:

Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher .

(C©u nµy so s¸nh duties víi teacher)

( Correct: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher .

(those of = the duties of)

So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt

B¶ng d­íi lµ mét sè tr­êng hîp so s¸nh ®a béi cña adj vµ adv.

Adjective or adverb Comparative Superlative far

little

much

many

good

well

bad

badly farther

further

less

more

better

worse farthest

furthest

least

most

best

worst

L­u ý: farther : dïng cho kho¶ng c¸ch

further : dïng cho th«ng tin hoÆc mét sè tr­êng hîp trõu t­îng kh¸c

Ex: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.

Ex: If you want more/further information, please call to the agent.

Ex: Next year he will come to the U.S for his further (= more) education

So s¸nh ®a béi

T­¬ng ®­¬ng cÊu tróc tiÕng ViÖt: gÊp r­ìi, gÊp hai...

Kh«ng ®­îc sö dông so s¸nh h¬n kÐm mµ sö dông so s¸nh b»ng, khi so s¸nh ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ lµ ®Õm ®­îc hay kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc, v× ®»ng tr­íc chóng cã many/much

Ex: This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

Ex: Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.

Ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i ngµy nay, ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü cho phÐp dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÐm ®Õn gÊp 3 lÇn trë lªn, nh­ng ®èi víi gÊp 2 hoÆc 1/2 th× tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng.

C¸c lèi nãi: twice that many/twice that much = gÊp ®«i ngÇn Êy... chØ ®­îc dïng trong khÈu ng÷, kh«ng ®­îc dïng ®Ó viÕt.

Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up.

( corect: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice as many as that showned up.

So s¸nh kÐp

Lµ lo¹i so s¸nh víi cÊu tróc: Cµng... cµng...

C¸c Adj/Adv so s¸nh ph¶i ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, tr­íc chóng ph¶i cã the

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Ex: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

NÕu chØ mét vÕ cã Adj/Adv so s¸nh th× vÕ cßn l¹i cã thÓ dïng The more

The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Ex: The more you study, the smarter you will become.

Sau the more ë vÕ thø nhÊt cã thÓ cã that nh­ng kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt.

Ex: The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.

Trong tr­êng hîp nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Òu cã thµnh ng÷ it is th× bá chóng ®i.

Ex: The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

HoÆc nÕu c¶ hai vÕ ®Òu lµ to be th× bá ®i

Ex: The closer to one of the Earth's pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).

C¸c thµnh ng÷ all the better (cµng tèt h¬n), all the more, not any the more (ch¼ng h¬n tÝ nµo), none the more (ch¼ng...chót nµo) dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh cho c¸c tÝnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ ®­îc ®em ra so s¸nh ®»ng sau nã chØ ®­îc dïng víi c¸c tÝnh tõ trõu t­îng.

Ex: Sunday morning were nice. I enjoy them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast.

He did not seem to be any the worse for his experience.

He explaint it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser.

CÊu tróc nµy tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®ùoc dïng cho nh÷ng tÝnh tõ cô thÓ

CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·...

ChØ dïng cho thêi Qu¸ khø vµ thêi HiÖn t¹i, kh«ng dïng cho thêi T­¬ng lai.

No sooner ®øng ë ®Çu mét mÖnh ®Ò, theo sau nã lµ mét trî ®éng tõ ®¶o lªn tr­íc chñ ng÷ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh, than ®øng ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò cßn l¹i:

No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

Ex: No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain. (Past)

Mét vÝ dô ë thêi hiÖn t¹i (will ®­îc lÊy sang dïng cho hiÖn t¹i)

Ex: No sooner will he arrive than he want to leave.(Present)

Mét cÊu tróc t­¬ng ®­¬ng cÊu tróc nµy:

No sooner ... than ... = Hardly/Scarcely ... when

Ex: Scarcely had they felt in love each other when they got maried.

L­u ý: No longer ... = not ... anymore = kh«ng ... n÷a, dïng theo cÊu tróc:

S + no longer + Positive Verb

Ex: Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired.

So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt

Khi so s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt, chØ ®­îc dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÐm, kh«ng ®­îc dïng so s¸nh bËc nhÊt, mÆc dï trong mét sè d¹ng v¨n nãi vµ c¶ v¨n viÕt vÉn chÊp nhËn so s¸nh bËc nhÊt. (Lçi c¬ b¶n).

Tr­íc adj vµ adv so s¸nh ph¶i cã the, trong c©u cã thµnh ng÷ of the two + noun thµnh ng÷ cã thÓ ®øng ®Çu hoÆc cuèi c©u.

Ex: Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.

Ex: Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

So s¸nh bËc nhÊt

Dïng khi so s¸nh 3 ng­êi hoÆc 3 vËt trë lªn:

§èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ ng¾n dïng ®u«i est.

§èi víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ dµi dïng most hoÆc least.

§»ng tr­íc so s¸nh ph¶i cã the.

Dïng giíi tõ in víi danh tõ sè Ýt:

Ex: John is the tallest boy in the family

Dïng giíi tõ of víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu:

Ex: Deana is the shortest of the three sister .

Do ®ã sau thµnh ng÷ : [One of the + so s¸nh bËc nhÊt + noun ] ph¶i ®¶m b¶o ch¾c ch¾n r»ng noun ph¶i lµ sè nhiÒu, vµ ®éng tõ ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

Mét sè c¸c tÝnh tõ hoÆc phã tõ mang tÝnh tuyÖt ®èi th× kh«ng ®­îc dïng so s¸nh bËc nhÊt, h¹n chÕ dïng so s¸nh h¬n kÐm, nÕu buéc ph¶i dïng th× bá more:

unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/Prime/ Primary

Ex: His drawings are perfect than mine. ( = better than mine)

preferable to sb/sth... = ...®­îc ­a thÝch h¬n...

Ex: This solution is preferable to the others.

superior to Sb/Sth... = siªu viÖt h¬n... >< inferior to Sb/Sth... = h¹ ®¼ng h¬n...

Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ

Trong tiÕng Anh cã hiÖn t­îng mét danh tõ ®øng tr­íc mét danh tõ kh¸c lµm nhiÖm vô cña mét tÝnh tõ. §Ó lµm ®­îc chøc n¨ng nh­ vËy, chóng ph¶i b¶o ®¶m nh÷ng tÝnh chÊt:

§øng ngay tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

Kh«ng ®­îc phÐp cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu trõ mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Ex: No frills store = cöa hµng kh«ng trang trÝ mµu mÌ.

a sports/sport car

small-claims court = phiªn toµ xö nh÷ng vô nî vÆt.

NÕu cã hai danh tõ cïng lµm tÝnh tõ th× gi÷a chóng ph¶i cã dÊu g¹ch nèi "-".

Ex: We took a five - week tour.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nÕu dïng danh tõ lµm tÝnh tõ th× mang nghÜa ®en:

Ex: A gold watch ( a watch made of gold.

Nh­ng nÕu dïng tÝnh tõ gèc mang nghÜa bãng:

Ex: A golden opportunity = a chance that it is very rare and precious.

Kh«ng ®­îc dïng tÝnh tõ bæ trî cho danh tõ khi cho nã chØ tÝnh chÊt nghÒ nghiÖp hoÆc néi dung:

Ex: mathematics teacher/ a biology book

Enough

Enough lu«n ®øng ®»ng sau Adj/Adv nh­ng l¹i ph¶i ®øng tr­íc danh tõ:

Ex: well enough...

Ex: enough food, enough water...

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp nÕu danh tõ ®· ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn ë trªn, th× ë d­íi cã quyÒn dïng enough nh­ mét ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ:

Ex: I forgot money. Do you have enough?

much - any

Many/much+ danh tõ/ng÷ danh tõ dïng nh­ 1 ®Þnh ng÷:

Ex: She did not eat much breakfast.

Ex: There are not many large glasses left.

Tuy nhiªn: much of+ the tªn ng­êi/®Þa danh cã thÓ ®ùîc dïng mµ kh«ng cÇn ®Þnh ng÷ ®i kÌm theo danh tõ ®»ng sau:

Ex: I haven't seen much of Howard recently.

Ex: Not much of Denmark is hilly (§an m¹ch kh«ng cã mÊy ®åi nói)

Many/much of+ ®Þnh ng÷ (a, the, this, mine + danh tõ)

Ex: I can see much of a country in a week.

Ex: I won't pass the exam. I have missed many of a lesson.

Many vµ much dïng nhiÒu trong c©u phñ ®inh vµ nghi vÊn nh­ng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh nªn dïng c¸c tõ kh¸c ( a plenty of, lots of, a lot of )

Ex: How much money have you got? I've got plenty.

Ex: He got lots of man friends, but he doesn't know many women.

Tuy nhiªn trong tiÕng Anh chuÈn much vµ many vÉn ®­îc dïng b×nh th­êng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh:

Ex: Much have been written about the couse unemployment in the opinion of many economists.

Much dïng nh­ 1 phã tõ:

Ex: I don't travel much these days.

Much cã thÓ dïng tr­íc 1 sè ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t sù ­a thÝch vµ 1 sè ý t­¬ng tù ®Æc biÖt trong d¹ng tiÕng Anh quy chuÈn:

Ex: I much approciate your help.

Ex: We much prefer the country to the town.

Ex: Janet much enjoy her stay with your family.

§èi víi 1 sè ®éng tõ nh­: like, dislike chØ nªn dïng much sau very vµ trong cÊu tróc phñ ®Þnh:

Ex: I've very much like your farther.

Ex: I don't much like your dog. It is very cruel.

Mét sè c¸ch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña much vµ many

§Æc ng÷ : much/ too much dïng ®éc lËp sau mÖnh ®Ò vµ tr­íc Noun mµ nã bæ ng÷.

many/ so many

Ex: The course of a 30-second commercial on the network TV station is $3000 much for most business.

Many a + singular noun + single V (biÕt bao nhiªu)

Ex: Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.

Ex: I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a time.

Many's the somebody + who + singular V (biÕt bao nhiªu)

Many's the something + that

Ex: Many's the student who was not able to follow the post graduate courses.

Ex: Many's the promise that has been broken.

Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng a lot/lots of/plenty/a great deal so víi many vµ much

C¸c thµnh ng÷ trªn t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi much/ many/ most: ®a phÇn

A lot of/lots of (informal.E) = a great deal/ a large number of/ much/ many (formal.E)

Kh«ng cã g× kh¸c nhau mÊy gi÷a a lot of vµ lots of. Chñ ng÷ chÝnh sau 2 thµnh ng÷ nµy sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ:

a lot of+ uncountable noun+ singular verb

lots of+ plural noun+ plural verb

Ex: A lot of time isn't need to learn language.

Ex: Lots of us think it's time for earn selection.

Plenty ®­îc dïng phæ biÕn trong informal.E.

Ex: Don't rush, there's plenty of time.

Ex: Plenty of shops take cheque.

A large amount of / a great deal of + noncount Noun (formal.E)

Ex: I've thrown a large amount of old clothing.

Ex: Mr Lucas has spent a great deal of time in the FarEast.

A lot/ a great deal cã thÓ ®­îc dïng lµm phã tõ vµ vÞ trÝ cña nã ë cuèi c©u.

Ex: On vacation we walk and swim a lot.

Ex: The government seems to change its mind a great deal.

mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more vµ most

More + N/Nphrase : dïng nh­ 1 ®Þnh ng÷

Ex: We need more time.

Ex: More university students are having to borrow money these days.

More of +tªn ng­êi/ ®Þa danh

Ex: It would be nice to see more of Ray and Barbara.

Ex: 500 years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees.

More of + ®Þnh ng÷/ ®¹i tõ.

Ex: He is more of a fool than I thought.

Ex: 3 more of the missing climbers have been found.

Ex: Could I have some more of that smoked fish?

Ex: I don't think anymore of them want to come.

One more/ two more + N/N phrase

Ex: There is just one more river to cross.

Nh­ng ph¶i dïng sè ®Õm + N + more nÕu more mang nghÜa thªm n÷a.

Ex: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute $50 more.

Most + N: ®a phÇn , ®a sè

Ex: Most cheese is made from cow's milk.

Ex: Most Swiss people understand French.

Most of ®Þnh ng÷/ ®¹i tõ (a, the, this, my, him..) = hÇu hÕt

Ex: He has eaten 2 pizzas and most of a cold chicken.

Ex: Most of my friends live abroad.

Ex: She has eaten most of that cake.

Ex: Most of us thought he was wrong.

Most ®­îc dïng nh­ 1 Noun nÕu ë trªn Noun hoÆc chñ ng÷ ®ã ®· ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn.

Ex: Some of people had difficulties with the lecture but most understood.

Ex: Ann and Robby found a lot of blackberry but Susan found the most.

Most + adj = very

Ex: That is most kind of you.

Ex: Thank you for all most interesting afternoon.

C¸ch dïng long (for a long time)

long ®­îc dïng trong c©u hái vµ c©u phñ ®Þnh.

Ex: Have you been waiting long?

Ex: It doesn't take long to get to her house.

Ex: She seldom stays long.

(For) a long time dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh

Ex: I waited for a long time but she did not arrive.

Ex: It take for a long time to get to her house.

long còng ®­îc dïng trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh khi ®i víi too/enough/as/so

Ex: The meeting went on much too long.

Ex: I have been working here long enough time to get new job.

Ex:You can stay as long as you want.

Ex: Sorry! I took so long.

Long before = l©u tr­íc khi

Long after = m·i sau khi

Long ago = c¸ch ®©y ®· l©u

Ex: We used to live in Paris, but that was long before you were born.

Ex: Long after the accident, he used to dream that he was dying.

Ex: Long ago in a distance country, there lived a beautiful princess.

long ph¶i ®Æt sau trî ®éng tõ

Ex: This is a problem that has long been recognized.

All day/ all night/ all week/ all year long= suèt c¶

Ex: She sits dreaming all day long.

Before long : ngay b©y giê, ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a

Ex: I will be back before long.

Trong c©u phñ ®Þnh for a long time = ®· l©u, trong 1 thêi gian dµi

Cßn for long = ng¾n, kh«ng dµi, chèc l¸t

Ex: She didn't speak for long = She only spoke for a short time.

Ex: She didn't speak for a long time= she were silent for a long time.

How long have you been here for? (bao gåm hoÆc ®Ò cËp ®Õn c¶ t­¬ng lai)

Ex: How long have you been here for?

Untill the end of next week.

Ex: How long have you been here for?

Since last Monday.

Tõ nèi

§ã lµ lo¹i tõ nèi gi÷a 2 thµnh phÇn trong cïng 1 c©u.

Because, Because of

§»ng sau Because ph¶i dïng 1 c©u hoµn chØnh nh­ng ®»ng sau Because of ph¶i dïng 1 ng÷ danh tõ.

Because of = on account of = due to

Nh­ng nªn dïng due to sau ®éng tõ to be cho chuÈn.

Ex: The accident was due to the heavy rain.

Dïng as result of ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh hËu qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng hoÆc sù vËt, sù viÖc.

Ex: He was blinded as a result of a terrible accident.

Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶

Trong cÊu tróc nµy ng­êi ta dïng thµnh ng÷ "so that" (sao cho, ®Ó cho). §éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò sau so that ph¶i ®Ó ë thêi t­¬ng lai so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test.

Ph¶i ph©n biÖt "so that" trong cÊu tróc nµy víi so that mang nghÜa do ®ã (therefore). C¸ch ph©n biÖt duy nhÊt lµ ®éng tõ ®»ng sau so that mang nghÜa do ®ã diÔn biÕn b×nh th­êng so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng tr­íc.

Ex: We heard nothing from him so that ( = therefore) we wondered if he had moved away.

Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶.

Trong lo¹i tõ nèi nµy ng­êi ta dïng cÊu tróc so/such .... that = qu¸, ®Õn nçi mµ vµ chia lµm nhiÒu lo¹i sö dông.

Dïng víi tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ : CÊu tróc lµ so ..... that.

Ex: Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

Ex: Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.

Dïng víi danh tõ sè nhiÒu: CÊu tróc vÉn lµ so ... that nh­ng ph¶i dïng many hoÆc few tr­íc danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Ex:The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

Dïng víi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc : CÊu tróc vÉn lµ so ... that nh­ng ph¶i dïng much hoÆc little tr­íc danh tõ ®ã.

Ex: He has invested so much money in the project that he can't abandon it now.

Ex: The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Dïng víi tÝnh tõ + danh tõ sè Ýt: such a ... that.

Cã thÓ dïng so theo cÊu tróc : so + adj + a + noun ... that. (Ýt phæ biÕn h¬n)

Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.

Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

Dïng víi tÝnh tõ + danh tõ sè nhiÒu/kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc: such ... that. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng so.

Ex: They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.

Ex: This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c.

Even if + negative V: cho dï.

Ex: You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.

Whether or not + positive V: dï cã hay kh«ng.(Ng­êi Anh th­êng ®­a or not xuèng cuèi c©u).

Ex: You must go tomorrow whether or not you are ready.

C¸c ®¹i tõ nghi vÊn ®øng ®Çu c©u còng dïng lµm tõ nèi vµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt.

Ex: Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girldfriend.

Why these pupils can not solve this problems makes the teachers confused.

Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi cã quy luËt riªng cña chóng nÕu kÕt hîp víi nhau:

and moreover and in addtion and thus or otherwise

and furthermore and therefore but nevertheless but anyway

- NÕu nèi gi÷a hai mÖnh ®Ò, ®»ng tr­íc chóng ph¶i cã dÊu phÈy.

Ex: He was exhausted, and therefore his judgement was not very good.

- Nh­ng nÕu nèi gi÷a hai tõ ®¬n th× kh«ng

Ex: The missing piece is small but nevertheless significant.

Unless + positive V = if ... not: Trõ phi, nÕu kh«ng.

Ex: You will be late unless you start at once.

But for that + unreal condition: NÕu kh«ng th× , nÕu kh«ng v× thÕ ... th×

HiÖn t¹i

Ex: My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be here(But he is here learning)

Qu¸ khø

Ex: My car broken down, but for that we would have been here in time (But they were late)

Otherwise + real condition: KÎo, nÕu kh«ng th×.

Ex: We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.

Otherwise + unreal condition: KÎo, nÕu kh«ng th× nh­ng sau nã ph¶i lµ ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc

HiÖn t¹i

Ex: Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with her father's).

Qu¸ khø:

Ex: I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But in fact it didn't take him any longer).

L­u ý: Trong tiÕng Anh ngµy nay ng­êi ta dïng or else ®Ó thay thÕ cho otherwise.

Provided/Providing that: = as long as = Víi ®iÒu kiÖn lµ, miÔn lµ

Ex: You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.

Suppose/Supposing = What ... if = Gi¶ sö .... th× sao, NÕu ..... th× sao.

Ex: Suppose the plane is late = What (will happen) if the plane is late.

L­u ý:

* Suppose cßn cã thÓ ®­îc dïng ®Ó ®­a ra lêi gîi ý.

Ex: Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him.

* L­u ý thµnh ng÷: What if I am: Tao thÕ th× ®· sao nµo (mang tÝnh th¸ch thøc)

If only + S + simple present/will +V = hope that: hi väng r»ng

Ex : If only he comes in time now = we hope that he comes in time now

Ex : If only he will learn harder for the test next month = I hope that he will learn harder...

If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that (®/k kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®­îc) gi¸ mµ

Ex: If only he came in time now.(but he doesn't come in time now)

Ex: If only he had studied harder for that test (but he didn't study harder..)

If only + S + would + V : ­íc g×, gi¸ mµ

DiÔn ®¹t mét hµnh ®éng kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i

Ex: If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drove more slowly.

DiÔn ®¹t mét ­íc muèn v« väng vÒ t­¬ng lai:

Ex: If only it would stop raining (but it may continue)

Immediately= as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly(ngay khi mµ)

Ex: Tell me immediately(= as soon as) you have any news.

Ex: Phone me the moment that you get the result.

Ex: I love you the instant that I saw you.

Ex: Directly I walked into the door I smelt smoke.

C©u bÞ ®éng

Ng­êi ta dïng c©u bÞ ®éng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng.

Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u bÞ ®éng ph¶i tu©n theo thêi cña ®éng tõ ë c©u chñ ®éng.

NÕu lµ lo¹i ®éng tõ cã 2 t©n ng÷, muèn nhÊn m¹nh vµo t©n ng÷ nµo ng­êi ta ®­a t©n ng÷ ®ã lªn lµm chñ ng÷ nh­ng th«ng th­êng chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña c©u chñ ®éng lµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: I gave him a book = I gave a book to him EMBED Equation.3 He was given a book by me.

§Æt " by + t©n ng÷ míi" ®»ng sau tÊt c¶ c¸c t©n ng÷ kh¸c.

NÕu sau by lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n x­ng mang nghÜa ng­êi ta: by people, by smb th× bá h¼n nã ®i.

Mäi biÕn ®æi vÒ thêi vµ thÓ ®Òu nh»m vµo to be cßn PII gi÷ nguyªn.

SIMPLE PRESENT OR SIMPLE PAST am

is

are +[verb in past participle]

was

were Active: Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year.

Passive: A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PAST PROGRESSIVE am

is

are + being + [verb in past participle]

was

were Active: The committee is considering several new proposals.

Passive: Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST PERFECT has

have + been +[verb in past participle]

had Active: The company has ordered some new equipment.

Passive: Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.

MODALS modal + been +[verb in past participle]

Active: The manager should sign these contracts today.

Passive: These contracts should be signed by the manager today.

C¸c néi ®éng tõ (§éng tõ kh«ng yªu cÇu 1 t©n ng÷ nµo) kh«ng ®­îc dïng ë bÞ ®éng.

Ex: My leg hurts.

§Æc biÖt khi chñ ng÷ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm chÝnh cña hµnh ®éng còng kh«ng ®­îc chuyÓn thµnh c©u bÞ ®éng.

Ex: The America takes charge: N­íc Mü nhËn l·nh tr¸ch nhiÖm

NÕu lµ ng­êi hoÆc vËt trùc tiÕp g©y ra hµnh ®éng th× dïng by nh­ng nÕu lµ ng­êi gi¸n tiÕp g©y ra hµnh ®éng th× dïng with.

Ex: The bird was shot with the gun - The bird was shot by the hunter.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp to be/to get + P2 hoµn toµn kh«ng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng mµ mang 2 nghÜa:

ChØ tr¹ng th¸i mµ chñ ng÷ ®ang ë trong ®ã.

Ex: Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone.

Ex: He got lost in the maze of the town yesterday.

ChØ viÖc chñ ng÷ tù lµm lÊy

Ex: The little boy gets dressed very quickly.

Ex: -Could I give you a hand with these tires?

-No thanks, I will be done (with them) as soon as I finish tightening these bolts.

to be made of: §­îc lµm b»ng (§Ò cËp ®Õn chÊt liÖu lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: This table is made of wood.

to be made from: §­îc lµm ra tõ (®Ò cËp ®Õn viÖc nguyªn vËt liÖu bÞ biÕn ®æi hoµn toµn vÒ tr¹ng th¸i ban ®Çu ®Ó lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: Paper is made from wood.

to be made out of: §­îc lµm b»ng (®Ò cËp ®Õn qu¸ tr×nh lµm ra vËt)

Ex: This cake is made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk.

to be made with: §­îc lµm víi (®Ò cËp ®Õn chØ mét trong sè nhiÒu chÊt liÖu lµm nªn vËt)

Ex: This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices.

P/B c¸ch dïng marry & divorce trong 2 thÓ chñ ®éng vµ bÞ ®éng

Khi kh«ng cã t©n ng÷ th× ng­êi Anh ­a dïng get maried & get divorced trong d¹ng informal.E.

Ex:Lulu and Joe got married last week (informal)

Ex:Lulu and Joe married last week (formal)

Ex:After three very unhappy years they got divorced (informal)

Ex:After three very unhappy years they divorced (formal)

Sau marry & divorce lµ 1 t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, kh«ng cã bÊt cø 1 giíi tõ nµo:

to marry/ divorce sbd

Ex: She married a builder.

Ex: Andrew is going to divorce Carola.

To be/ to get married to smb

Ex: She got married to her childhood sweatheart.

Ex: He has been married to Luisa for 16 years and he still doesn't understand her.

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ diÔn ®¹t ®èi t­îng thø nhÊt g©y cho ®èi t­îng thø hai mét ®iÒu g× víi mét sè mÉu c©u nh­ sau:

To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g×

Ex: Mary had John wash the car.

To have/to get sth done = §­a c¸i g× ®i lµm

Theo khuynh h­íng nµy ®éng tõ to want vµ would like còng cã thÓ dïng víi mÉu c©u nh­ vËy: To want/ would like sth done.(muèn c¸i g× ®­îc lµm)

C©u hái dïng cho lo¹i mÉu c©u nµy lµ: What do you want done to ..?(anh muèn lµm g× víi)

Ex: What do you want done to your car ?

I want/ would like it washed.

To make sb do sth = to force smb to do sth (buéc ai ph¶i lµm g×)

§»ng sau t©n ng÷ cña make cßn cã thÓ dïng 1 tÝnh tõ: To make sb/sth + adj

Ex: Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.

Chemical treatment (xö lý ho¸ häc) will make this wood more durable.

To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao

Ex: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.

To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao

Ex: The big thunder storm caused many waterfront houses damaged.

6. NÕu t©n ng÷ cña make lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ th× ph¶i ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÝnh tõ, ®Æt ®éng tõ ra phÝa ®»ng sau: make it + adj + V as object.

Ex: The wire service made it possible to collect and distribute news more quicker and cheaper.

Tuy nhiªn nÕu t©n ng÷ cña make lµ 1 danh tõ hay 1 ng÷ danh tõ th× kh«ng ®­îc ®Æt it gi÷a make vµ tÝnh tõ: Make + adj + noun/ noun phrase.

Ex: The wire service made possible much speedier collection and distribution of news.

.To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g×

Ex: John let his daughter swim with her friends.

(John allowed/permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)

To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g×

NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n x­ng mang nghÜa ng­êi ta th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i nh¾c ®Õn t©n ng÷ ®ã vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

Ex: This wonder drug will help (people to) recover more quickly.

NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help vµ t©n ng÷ cña ®éng tõ sau nã trïng hîp víi nhau, ng­êi ta sÏ bá t©n ng÷ sau help vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

Ex:The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.

(mì trong c¬ thÓ loµi gÊu gióp cho nã cã thÓ sèng sãt ®­îc trong suèt kú nghØ ®«ng)

3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ mµ ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng sÏ thay ®æi ®«i chót khi ®éng tõ sau t©n ng÷ cña chóng ë c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau.

To see/to watch/ to hear smb -sth do sth (hµnh ®éng chøng kiÕn tõ ®Çu ®Õn cuèi)

Ex: I hear the telephone ring.

Ex:I see her sing.

To see/to watch/ to hear sb -sth doing sth (hµnh ®éng kh«ng chøng kiÕn trän vÑn mµ chØ nhÊt thêi)

Ex: I hear the telephone ringing

To appoint + Noun: chØ ®Þnh ai lµm g×

C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ

TiÕng Anh cã 2 lo¹i c©u

C©u ®¬n gi¶n: lµ c©u cã 1 thµnh phÇn vµ chØ cÇn vËy c©u còng ®· ®ñ nghÜa.

C©u phøc hîp: lµ lo¹i c©u cã 2 thµnh phÇn chÝnh/phô nèi víi nhau b»ng 1 tõ gäi lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ.

That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô

Nã ®øng ®Çu c©u phô, thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt ®øng tr­íc nã vµ lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô. Do ®ã nã kh«ng thÓ nµo bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.

That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô

Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt ®øng tr­íc nã, më ®Çu c©u phô nh­ng lµm t©n ng÷. Do ®ã nã cã thÓ bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: George is going to buy the house (that) we have been thinking of buying.

Ng­êi ta dïng that chø kh«ng dïng which khi:

- §øng tr­íc nã lµ mét danh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt + danh tõ

Ex: That is the best novel that has been written by this author.

- Khi ®»ng tr­íc nã lµ mét sè c¸c ®¹i tõ phiÕm chØ nh­ all, some, any, anything, everything, much, little, nothing v.v..

Ex1: I want to see all that he possesses.

Ex2: All the apples that fall are eaten by pigs.

Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô

Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt ë tr­íc nã, lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô. Do ®ã nã kh«ng thÓ bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: The man who is in this room is angry.

Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô

Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt ë tr­íc nã vµ lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô, nã cã thÓ bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: The men (whom) I don't like are angry.

NÕu whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ ®éng tõ bao gåm 1 Verb + 1 giíi tõ th× lèi viÕt chuÈn nhÊt lµ ®­a giíi tõ ®ã lªn tr­íc whom.

Ex: The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.(to talk to smb)

Tuy nhiªn nÕu whom lµ t©n ng÷ cña mét ng÷ giíi tõ bao gåm 1 ®éng tõ + 2 giíi tõ th× 2 giíi tõ ®ã vÉn ph¶i ®øng ®»ng sau ®éng tõ.

Ex: The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.

Kh«ng ®­îc dïng who thay cho whom trong v¨n viÕt dï nã ®­îc chÊp nhËn trong v¨n nãi.

Kh«ng ®­îc dïng that thay cho who/whom khi thay cho N chØ ng­êi/®éng vËt cho dï nã ®­îc chÊp nhËn trong v¨n nãi.

MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc.

a) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc.

Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò b¾t buéc ph¶i cã mÆt ë trong c©u, nÕu bá ®i c©u sÏ mÊt ý nghÜa ban ®Çu.

Nªn dïng that lµm chñ ng÷ cho lo¹i c©u nµy mÆc dï which vÉn ®­îc chÊp nhËn

C©u phô th­êng ®øng xen vµo gi÷a c©u chÝnh hoÆc nèi liÒn víi c©u chÝnh vµ kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nã bëi bÊt cø dÊu ph¶y nµo.

Ex: Weeds that float to the surface should be removed before they decay.

b) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc

Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò mang th«ng tin phô trong c©u, nÕu bá nã ®i c©u kh«ng mÊt nghÜa ban ®Çu.

Kh«ng ®­îc dïng that lµm chñ ng÷ mµ ph¶i dïng which, cho dï which cã lµ t©n ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô còng kh«ng ®­îc phÐp bá nã ®i.

C©u phô th­êng ®øng chen vµo gi÷a c©u chÝnh vµ b¾t buéc ph¶i t¸ch khái c©u chÝnh b»ng 2 dÊu phÈy.

Ex1: My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.

Ex2: This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Island, is very smooth.

TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô

ë nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc, khi kh«ng dïng dÊu phÈy tøc lµ cã sù giíi h¹n cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ®èi víi danh tõ ®»ng tr­íc (trong tiÕng ViÖt: chØ cã)

Ex: The travelers who knew about the flood took another road.

Ex: The wine that was stored in the cellar was ruined.

§èi víi nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc, khi cã dÊu phÈy ng¨n c¸ch th× nã kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc giíi h¹n danh tõ ®øng tr­íc nã. (trong tiÕng ViÖt: tÊt c¶).

Ex: The travelers, who knew about the flood, took another road.

Ex: The wine, which was stored in the cellar, was ruined.

C¸c nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ dïng trong v¨n viÕt, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n nãi.

C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which

TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷: them, us trong tr­êng hîp nµy.

Ex1: Their sons, both of whom (kh«ng ®­îc nãi both of them) are working abroad, ring her up every week.

Ex2: The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.

What = the thing/ the things that cã thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ cho mÖnh ®Ò phô cïng lóc lµm chñ ng÷ cho mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh hoÆc lµm chñ ng÷ cña c¶ 2 mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh phô.

Ex1: What we have expected is the result of the test.

Ex2: What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.

Whose = cña ng­êi mµ, cña con mµ.

Nã thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi hoÆc ®éngvËt ë tr­íc nã vµ chØ sù së h÷u cña ng­êi hoÆc ®éng vËt ®ã ®èi víi danh tõ ®i sau.

Ex: James, whose father is the president of the company, has received a promotion.

Trong lèi v¨n viÕt quan träng nªn dïng of which ®Ó thay thÕ cho danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt mÆc dï whose vÉn ®­îc chÊp nhËn.

Ex: Saving account, of which (= whose) interest rate is quite hight, is very common now.

HoÆc dïng with + noun/ noun phrase thay cho whose

Ex: The house whose walls were made of glass ...= The house with the glass walls...

C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô

§èi víi nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc ng­êi ta cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ to be (cïng víi c¸c trî ®éng tõ cña nã) trong mét sè tr­êng hîp sau:

Tr­íc mét mÖnh ®Ò phô mµ cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thêi bÞ ®éng.

Ex: This is the Z value (which was) obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.

Tr­íc mét mÖnh ®Ò phô mµ sau nã lµ mét ng÷ giíi tõ.

Ex: The beaker (that is) on the counter contains a solution.

Tr­íc mét cÊu tróc ®éng tõ ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.

Ex: The girl (who is) running down the street might be in trouble.

Ngoµi ra trong mét sè tr­êng hîp khi ®¹i tõ quan hÖ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc g¾n liÒn víi chñ ng÷ ®øng tr­íc nã vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô Êy diÔn ®¹t qui luËt hoÆc sù kiÖn diÔn ®¹t theo tÇn sè, ng­êi ta cã thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ thay vµo ®ã b»ng mét V- ing.

Ex: The travelers taking (=who take) this bus on a daily basis buy their tickets in advanced.

Trong nh÷ng mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc ng­êi ta còng cã thÓ lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ to be khi nã ®øng tr­íc mét ng÷ danh tõ. Tuy nhiªn phÇn ng÷ danh tõ cßn l¹i vÉn ph¶i ®øng gi÷a 2 dÊu phÈy.

Ex: Mr Jackson, (who is) a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.

Lo¹i bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh, thay vµo ®ã b»ng 1 V-ing khi mÖnh ®Ò phô nµy ®i bæ nghÜa cho mét t©n ng÷ (lèi viÕt nµy rÊt phæ biÕn).

Ex: The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited) him.

C¸ch sö dông PI trong mét sè tr­êng hîp

Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ.

Have sb/sth + doing = cause: lµm cho.

Ex: He had us laughing all through the meal.

S + won't have sb + doing = S + won't allow sb to do sth: kh«ng cho phÐp ai lµm g×

Ex: I won't have him telling me what to do.

C¸c côm hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ: adding, pointing out, reminding, warning, reasoning ®Òu cã thÓ më ®Çu cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex1: He told me to start early, reminding me that the road would be crowded.

Ex2: Reasoning that he could only get to the lake, we followed that way.

To catch sb doing sth: b¾t gÆp ai ®ang (hµnh ®éng cña t©n ng÷ lµm phËt lßng chñ ng÷).

Ex: If she catches you reading her diary, she will be furious.

To find sb/sth doing sth: ThÊy ai/ c¸i g× ®ang

Ex: I found him standing at the doorway

Ex: He found a tree lying across the road.

To leave sb doing sth: §Ó l¹i ai lµm g×

Ex: I left Bob talking to the Director after the introduction.

Go/come doing sth (dïng cho thÓ thao vµ mua s¾m)

Ex: Go skiing/ go swimming/ go shopping/ come dancing

To spend time doing sth: Bá thêi gian lµm g×

Ex: He usually spends much time preparing his lessons.

To waste time doing: hao phÝ thêi gian lµm g×

Ex: She wasted all the afternoon having small talks with her friends.

To have a hard time/ difficulty/ trouble doing sth: GÆp khã kh¨n khi lµm g×

Ex: He has a trouble listening English.

To be worth doing sth: ®¸ng ®Ó lµm g×

Ex: This project is worth spending time and money on.

Be busy doing sth: bËn lµm g×( dïng hµnh ®éng)

Ex: She is busy parking now.

Be no/ not much/ any/ some good doing smt: Kh«ng cã Ých, ch¶ thÊy cã Ých (lµm g×)

Ex: It's no good my talking to him: Nãi chuyÖn víi anh ta t«i ch¶ thÊy cã Ých g×.

Ex: What good is it asking her: Hái c« ta th× cã Ých g× c¬ chø

P1 ®­îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi

Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc: hµnh ®éng thø 2 ë d¹ng V-ing, hai hµnh ®éng kh«ng t¸ch rêi khái nhau bëi bÊt k× dÊu ph¶y nµo.

Ex: He drives away and whistles = He drives away whistling.

Khi hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp sau theo nã lµ mét phÇn trong qu¸ tr×nh diÔn biÕn cña hµnh ®éng thø 1 th× hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sau nã ë d¹ng V-ing. Gi÷a hai hµnh ®éng cã ng¨n c¸ch nhau bëi dÊu phÈy.

Ex: She went out and slammed the door -> She went out, slamming the door.

Khi hµnh ®éng thø 2 hoÆc c¸c hµnh ®éng sau nã lµ kÕt qu¶ cña hµnh ®éng thø 1 th× hµnh ®éng thø 2 vµ c¸c hµnh ®éng tiÕp theo sÏ ë d¹ng V-ing. Nã sÏ ng¨n c¸ch víi hµnh ®éng chÝnh b»ng mét dÊu phÈy.

Ex: He fired two shots, killling a robber and wounding the other.

Hµnh ®éng thø 2 kh«ng cÇn chung chñ ng÷ víi hµnh ®éng thø nhÊt mµ chØ cÇn lµ kÕt qu¶ còng ®· cã thÓ ë d¹ng V-ing.

Ex: The plane crashed, its bomb exploding when it hit the ground.

C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2)

Would (should) like + to have + P2 : DiÔn ®¹t mét ­íc muèn kh«ng thµnh.

Ex: He would like to have seen the photos = He would have liked to see the photos (But he couldn't).

Dïng víi mét sè ®éng tõ:

to appear/ to seem/ to happen/ to pretend

Nªn nhí r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He seems to have passed the exam -> It seems that he has passed the exam.

Ex: She pretended to have read the material -> She pretended that she had read the material.

to be sorry + to have + P2: Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tr­íc tr¹ng th¸i sorry.

Ex: The girls were sorry to have missed the Rock Concert -> the girls were sorry that they had missed the Rock Concert.

Dïng víi mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ sau ®©y ë thÓ bÞ ®éng: to ackowledge, believe, consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand. Hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He was believed to have gone out of the country -> It was believed that he had gone out of the country.

Dïng víi mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c nh­ to claim, expect, hope, promise. §Æc biÖt l­u ý r»ng hµnh ®éng cña nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh sÏ ë future perfect so víi thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: He expects to have graduated by June -> He expects that he will have graduated by June.

Ex: He promised to have told me the secret by the end of this week -> He promised that he would have told me the secret by the end of this week.

Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that

That dïng víi t­ c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng)

§»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ say, tell, think, believe th× that cã thÓ bá ®i ®­îc.

Ex: John said (that) he was leaving next week.

§»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ mention, declare, report, state th× that b¾t buéc ph¶i cã mÆt.

Ex: George mentioned that he was going to France next year.

That vÉn b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng ë mÖnh ®Ò thø 2 trong c©u sau dÊu phÈy nÕu vÉn cïng chung mét mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau 4 ®éng tõ trªn.

Ex: The Major declared that on June the first he would announce the result of the search and that he would never over look the crime punishment.

MÖnh ®Ò that

Lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò cã hai thµnh phÇn vµ b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that trong c©u.

Dïng víi chñ ng÷ gi¶ it vµ tÝnh tõ.

It + to be + adj + That + S + V = That + S + V ... to be + adj

Ex: It is well known that many residents of third world countries are dying.

or That many residents of third world countries are dying is well known.

Dïng víi ®éng tõ t¹o thµnh mét mÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp.

It + verb + complement + That + S + V = That + S + V + ... +V + complement

Ex: It surprises me that John would do such a thing

or That John would do such a thing surprises me.

Ng­êi ta dïng chñ ng÷ gi¶ it trong v¨n nãi ®Ó dÔ nhËn biÕt vµ that lµm chñ ng÷ thËt trong v¨n viÕt.

Trong 1 sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta ®¶o ng÷ giíi tõ lªn ®Çu c©u ®éng tõ nèi hoÆc ®éng tõ tÜnh ®¶o lªn trªn that vµ sau ®ã míi lµ chñ ng÷ thËt

Prepositional phrare + linkV/ stativeV- that - sentence as real S and that - sentence as real S

Ex: Among the surprising discoveries were that T-rex was a far sleeker but more powerful carnivone than previously throught, perhaps weighing less than 6,5tons more than a bull elephant, and that T-rex habitant was forest not swamp or plain as previously believed.

The fact that+ sentences/ the fact the main that+ sentence/ the fact of the matter that( thùc tÕ lµ, sù thËt lµ)

Ex: The fact that Bob has not be home for 3 days did not seem to worry anybody

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh

Lµ lo¹i c©u ®èi t­îng thø nhÊt muèn ®èi t­îng thø hai lµm mét viÖc g× nh­ng lµm hay kh«ng cßn phô thuéc vµo ng­êi thø hai.

Trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that trõ mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

Dïng víi would rather that

Ng÷ ph¸p hiÖn ®¹i ngµy nay ®Æc biÖt lµ ng÷ ph¸p Mü cho phÐp dïng would rather mµ kh«ng cÇn dïng that trong lo¹i c©u nµy.

Ex: We would rather (that) he not take this train.

Dïng víi ®éng tõ.

B¶ng sau lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®ßi hái mÖnh ®Ò ®»ng sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh vµ trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that nÕu nã diÔn ®¹t ý trªn.

advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree order request urge

§éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ kh«ng chia bá to.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tr­íc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

Ex: The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.

NÕu bá that ®i th× chñ ng÷ 2 sÏ trë vÒ d¹ng t©n ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ sau nã trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to, c©u mÊt tÝnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh. Trë thµnh mét d¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: The university requies all its students to take this course.

Trong ng÷ ph¸p British-E ®»ng tr­íc ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò 2 th­êng cã should, ng­êi Anh chØ bá should khi nã lµ ®éng tõ to be nh­ng ng÷ ph¸p American-E kh«ng dïng should cho ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.

Dïng víi tÝnh tõ.

B¶ng sau lµ mét sè c¸c tÝnh tõ ®ßi hái mÖnh ®Ò sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh, trong c©u b¾t buéc ph¶i cã that vµ ®éng tõ sau chñ ng÷ 2 ë d¹ng nguyªn thÓ bá to.

advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested

L­u ý r»ng trong b¶ng nµy cã mét sè tÝnh tõ lµ ph©n tõ 2 cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c ®éng tõ ë b¶ng phÇn 2 phÝa trªn.

NÕu muèn cÊu t¹o phñ ®Þnh ®Æt not sau chñ ng÷ 2 tr­íc nguyªn thÓ bá to.

Ex1: It is necessary that he find the books.

Ex2: It has been proprosed that we change the topic.

NÕu bá that ®i th× chñ ng÷ 2 sÏ biÕn thµnh t©n ng÷ sau giíi tõ for, ®éng tõ trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to vµ c©u mÊt tÝnh chÊt gi¶ ®Þnh trë thµnh d¹ng mÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

Ex: It was urgent to her to leave at once.

L­u ý:

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi 2 lo¹i trªn th­êng ®­îc dïng trong c¸c v¨n b¶n hoÆc th­ giao dÞch diÔn ®¹t lêi ®Ò nghÞ tõ phÝa A -> B mµ kh«ng cã tÝnh b¾t buéc.

Kh«ng chØ cã ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ míi ®­îc dïng theo d¹ng nµy, tÊt c¶ c¸c danh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ trªn ®Òu buéc mÖnh ®Ò sau nã ph¶i ë d¹ng gi¶ ®Þnh, nÕu nh­ nã diÔn ®¹t c¸c yÕu tè trªn.

Ex: There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking.

Ex: It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court.

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr­êng hîp kh¸c

Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t mét ­íc muèn hoÆc mét lêi nguyÒn rña th­êng bao hµm c¸c thÕ lùc siªu nhiªn.

God be with you = Chu¸ phï hé anh Good bye curse this toad =.

Dïng víi ®éng tõ May trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt sau:

Come what may = Dï thÕ nµo ch¨ng n÷a, dï bÊt cø chuyÖn g×.

Ex: Come what may we will stand by you.

May as well not do sth .... if .... = Cã thÓ ®õng..... nÕu kh«ng.

Ex: You may as well not come if you can't be on time: C¸c anh cã thÓ ®õng ®Õn nÕu kh«ng ®Õn ®­îc ®óng giê.

May/Might (just) as well do smt = Ch¼ng mÊt g× mµ l¹i kh«ng, mÊt g× cña bä.

Ex: Since nobody wants that job, we might (just) as well let him have it: V× kh«ng ai thÝch viÖc nµy, m×nh ch¼ng mÊt g× mµ l¹i kh«ng cho h¾n ta lµm nã

May + S + linkVerb + adj/ Verb + complement = CÇu chóc cho.

Ex: May you both very happy!

Ex: May the conference be successful!

Ex:Long may she lives to enjoy her good fortune.

If need be = If neccessary = NÕu cÇn

Ex: If need be, we can take another road.

Dïng víi ®éng tõ to be, bá to sau if ®Ó chØ mét sù gi¶ ®Þnh ch­a ®­îc ph©n ®Þnh râ rµng lµ ®óng hay sai.

Ex: If that be all right, then it would be no defence for this man to say he's innoncent.( nÕu nã qu¶ lµ ®óng th× kh«ng cã lêi bµo ch÷a nµo chøng minh anh ta v« téi).

Ex: If that be error and upon me proved.(NÕu ®ã qu¶ lµ lçi vµ cø nhÊt ®Þnh g¸n cho t«i.)

Let it be me: Gi¶ sö ®ã lµ t«i, gi¸ ph¶i tay t«i.

Ex: Husband: Let it be me.

Wife (suddenly appearing) : If that be you, what would you do.

Be that as it may = whether that it is true or not (cho dï lµ ph¶i thÕ hay kh«ng)

Ex: Be that as it may you have to accept it.

Then so be it: th× cø ph¶i vËt th«i

If we have to pay $5000 , Then so be it.

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time

It's time (for sb) to do smt: ®· ®Õn lóc ai ph¶i lµm g× (Thêi gian võa vÆn kh«ng mang tÝnh gi¶ ®Þnh).

Ex: It's time for me to get to the airport: §· ®Õn lóc t«i ph¶i ra s©n bay.

It's time

hightime + S + simple past = ®· ®Õn lóc mµ (thêi gian ®· trÔ mang tÝnh

about time gi¶ ®Þnh)

Ex: It's time I got to the airport.

Ex: It's hightime the city government did smt to stop the traffic jam.

Lèi nãi bao hµm

§ã lµ lèi nãi gép hai ý trong c©u lµ mét th«ng qua mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷.

Not only ..... but also

C¸c thùc thÓ ë ®»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (N - N, adj - adj).

noun noun

adjective adjective

adverb adverb

prepositional phrase prepositional phrase

OR

Ex: Robert is not only talented but also handsome.

Ex: He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

Thµnh phÇn sau but also th­êng quyÕt ®Þnh thµnh phÇn sau not only.

Ex: Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland.

Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.

As well as: Còng nh­

C¸c thµnh phÇn ®»ng tr­íc vµ ®»ng sau thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

OR

Ex: Robert is talented as well as handsome.

Ex: He writes correctly as well as neatly.

Ex: Paul plays the piano as well as composes music.

Kh«ng ®­îc nhÇm thµnh ng÷ nµy víi as well as cña hiÖn t­îng ®ång chñ ng÷ mang nghÜa cïng víi.

Ex: The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.

Ex: My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.

Both ..... and

C«ng thøc dïng gièng hÖt nh­ Not only .... but also.

Both chØ ®­îc dïng víi and, kh«ng ®­îc dïng víi as well as.

Ex: Robert is both talented and handsome.

Ex: Paul both plays the piano and composes music.

C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how.

to know how to do smt : biÕt lµm c¸i g× ntn.

Tuy nhiªn sau to know cßn cã thÓ lµ 1 Noun lµm t©n ng÷ , 1 ng÷ giíi tõ hoÆc 1 c©u hoµn chØnh.

Ex: Bill know how to play tennis well.

Ex: Jason knew the answer to the teacher's question.

Ex: I didn't know that you were going to France.

§»ng sau to know how còng cã thÓ dïng mét c©u ®Ó diÔn ®¹t kh¶ n¨ng hoÆc sù b¾t buéc.

Ex: At a glance, she knew how she could solve this math problem.

MÖnh ®Ò nh­îng bé

§ã lµ lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò diÔn ®¹t hai ý tr¸i ng­îc trong cïng mét c©u.

Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp

§»ng sau hai thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét ng÷ danh tõ, kh«ng ®­îc dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh.

Ex: Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

Ex: Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.

Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu

§»ng sau 3 thµnh ng÷ nµy ph¶i dïng mét c©u hoµn chØnh, kh«ng ®­îc dïng mét ng÷ danh tõ.

Ex: Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

Tuy nhiªn nÕu though ®øng cuèi c©u t¸ch biÖt khái c©u chÝnh bëi dÊu phÈy. Khi nãi h¬i dõng l¹i mét chót, lóc ®ã nã mang nghÜa tuy nhiªn (= How ever).

Ex: He promised to call me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

However + adj + S + link V = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× ....

Ex: However strong you are, you can't move this rock.

Althought/ Albeit (more formal) + Adj/ Adv/ Modifier = dÉu sao, tuy r»ng

Ex: Her appointment was a significant, althought/ albeit temporary success. (ViÖc bµ Êy ®­îc bæ nhiÖm lµ mét thµnh c«ng quan träng ®Êy, nh­ng dÉu sao còng chØ lµ nhÊt thêi)

Ex: Her performed the task well, althought/ albeit slowly (Anh ta thùc hiÖn nhiÖm vô ®ã tèt ®Êy, tuy r»ng chËm).

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ ë b¶ng sau rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m.

Néi ®éng tõ rise

lie

sit rose

lay

sat risen

lain

sat rising

lying

sitting

Ngo¹i ®éng tõ raise

lay

set raised

laid

set raised

laid

set raising

laying

setting

To rise : D©ng lªn. ( V nµy kh«ng cÇn 1 t©n ng÷ nµo)

Ex: The sun rises early in the summer.

To raise smt/sb: N©ng ai, c¸i g× lªn.

Ex: The students raise their hands in class.

To lie: N»m, ë, t¹i.

To lie in: ë t¹i

To lie down: n»m xuèng.

To lie on: n»m trªn.

Ex: The university lies in the western section of town.

Ex: Don't disturb Mary, she has laid down for a rest.

Note: CÇn ph©n biÖt ®éng tõ nµy víi ®éng tõ to lie (nãi dèi) trong mÉu c©u to lie to sb about smt (nãi dèi ai vÒ c¸i g×)

Ex:He is lying to you about the test.

To lay: ®Æt, ®Ó

To lay on: ®Æt trªn

To lay in: ®Æt vµo

To lay down: ®Æt xuèng.

Ex: Don't lay your clothes on the bed.

Note: Thêi hiÖn t¹i cña ®éng tõ nµy dÔ lÇm lÉn víi thêi qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña to lie, cÇn ph©n biÖt b»ng ng÷ c¶nh.

To sit

To sit in: ngåi t¹i, ngåi trong.

To sit on: ngåi trªn (®· ngåi s½n).

To set = to put, to lay: ®Æt, ®Ó.

L­u ý: Ph¸t ©m hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña ®éng tõ nµy rÊt dÔ lÉn víi Simple past cña to sit.

Mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷ dïng víi ®éng tõ trªn:

to set the table for: bÇy bµn ®Ó.

Ex: My mother has set the table for the family dinner.

to lay off (workers. employees): cho th«i viÖc, gi·n thî.

Ex: The company had to lay off twenty-five employees because of a production slowdown.

to set (broken bone) in: bã nh÷ng c¸i x­¬ng gÉy vµo.

Ex: Dr.Jacobs has set many broken bones in plaster casts.

to set one's alarm for: §Æt ®ång hå b¸o thøc vµo lóc.

Ex: John set his alarm for six o'clock.

to set fire to: lµm ch¸y

Ex: While playing with matches, the children set fire to the sofa.

to raise (animals, plants) for a living: trång c¸i g×, nu«i con g× b¸n ®Ó lÊy tiÒn.

Ex: That farmer raises chickens for a living.

Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ gièng hÖt nhau vÒ mÆt h×nh thøc nh­ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nÕu ë trong c¸c mÉu c©u kh¸c nhau.

agree to do smt: ®ång ý lµm g×

Ex: He agreed to leave early tomorrow morning.

agree to one's doing smt: ®ång ý víi viÖc ai lµm g×.

Ex: He agreed to my leaving early tomorrow morning.

mean to do smt: ®Þnh lµm g×.

Ex: I mean to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.

If it + mean + verb-ing: cho dï c¶ viÖc, bao hµm c¶ viÖc.

Ex: My neighbour was determined to get a ticket for Saturday's game if it meant standing in line all night.

Propose to do smt: cã ý ®Þnh lµm g×.

Ex: I propose to start tomorrow.

Propose doing smt: §Ò nghÞ lµm g×

Ex: I propose waiting till the police came.

Go on doing smt/smt: tiÕp tôc lµm g×, c¸i g× (mét viÖc ®ang bÞ bá dë)

Ex: He went on writing after a break

Go on to do smt: Quay sang tiÕp tôc lµm g× (vÉn vÒ cïng mét vÊn ®Ò nh­ng chuyÓn sang khÝa c¹nh kh¸c)

Ex: He showed the island on the map then went on to tell about its climate.

Try to do smt: cè g¾ng lµm g×

Ex: He try to solve this math problem but he found it impossible.

Try doing smt: Thö lµm g×

Ex: I try sending her flower, writing her letters, but she still wouldn't speak to me.

Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn cã liªn quan ®Õn nhau vÒ mÆt thêi th× thêi cña ®éng tõ ë hai thµnh phÇn ®ã ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi nhau. Thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh thêi cña ®éng tõ ë mÖnh ®Ò phô.

Main clause Dependent clause Simple present Simple present

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh Simple present Will/ Can/ May + Verb (hoÆc Near future) Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét t­¬ng lai kh«ng ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc t­¬ng lai gÇn. Simple present

Simple past Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét qu¸ khø ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian. Simple present Present perfect (progressive)

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét qu¸ khø kh«ng ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian. Simple past Past progressive/ Simple past

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra cïng lóc víi hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong qu¸ khø. Simple past Would/ Could/ Might + Verb

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra sau hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong mét t­¬ng lai trong qu¸ khø. Simple past Past perfect

Hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh, lïi s©u vÒ trong qu¸ khø. L­u ý: Nh÷ng nguyªn t¾c trªn ®©y chØ ®­îc ¸p dông khi c¸c mÖnh ®Ò trong c©u cã liªn hÖ víi nhau vÒ mÆt thêi gian nh­ng nÕu c¸c mÖnh ®Ò trong c©u cã thêi gian riªng biÖt th× ®éng tõ ph¶i tu©n theo thêi gian cña chÝnh mÖnh ®Ò ®ã.

Ex: He promised to tell me, till now I haven't received any call from him, though.

C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell

NÕu sau chñ ng÷ kh«ng cã mét t©n ng÷ nµo mµ ®Õn liªn tõ that ngay th× ph¶i dïng to say.

Nh­ng nÕu sau chñ ng÷ cã mét t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp råi míi ®Õn liªn tõ that th× ph¶i dïng to tell.

Ex: He says that he will be busy tomorrow/ He tells me that....

Sau to tell vÉn cã thÓ cã mét sè t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp dï bÊt k× hoµn c¶nh nµo.

Ex: The little boy was punished because he told his mother a lie.

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng one vµ you

C¶ hai ®¹i tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa ng­êi ta, tuy nhiªn ng÷ ph¸p sö dông cã kh¸c nhau.

NÕu ë trªn ®· sö dông ®¹i tõ one th× c¸c ®¹i tõ t­¬ng øng tiÕp theo ë mÖnh ®Ò d­íi ph¶i lµ one, one's, he, his.

Ex: If one takes this exam without studying, one is likely to fail.

If one takes this exam without studying, he is likely to fail.

One should always do one's homework.

One should always do his homework.

L­u ý mét sè ng­êi do cÈn thËn muèn tr¸nh ph©n biÖt nam/ n÷ ®· dïng he or she, his or her nh­ng ®iÒu ®ã lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt. C¸c ®¹i tõ ®ã chØ ®­îc sö dông khi nµo ë phÝa trªn cã nh÷ng danh tõ chØ chung chung nh­ the sight, the party.

Ex: The judge will ask the defendant party(chØ chung:bªn bÞ)if he or she admits the allegations.

NÕu ®¹i tõ ë trªn lµ you th× c¸c ®¹i tõ t­¬ng øng tiÕp theo ë d­íi sÏ lµ you hoÆc your.

Ex: If you take this exam without studying, you are likely to fail.

You should always do your homework.

TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng dïng lÉn one vµ you trong cïng mét c©u hoÆc dïng they thay thÕ cho hai ®¹i tõ nµy.

Tõ ®i tr­íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã 2 thµnh phÇn, nÕu mét trong hai thµnh phÇn ®ã cã dïng ®Õn ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng th× ë thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i ph¶i cã mét danh tõ ®Ó giíi thiÖu cho thµnh phÇn ®ã.

Danh tõ ®i giíi thiÖu ph¶i t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng ®ã vÒ mÆt gièng vµ sè.

Incorrect: Henry was denied admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load.

Correct: The members of the admissions committee denied Henry admission to graduate school because they did not believe that he could handle the work load.

or Henry was denied admission to graduate school because the members of the admissions committee did not believe that he could handle the work load.

ChØ cã mét danh tõ ®­îc phÐp giíi thiÖu cho ®¹i tõ, nÕu cã hai sÏ g©y nªn sù lÇm lÉn do trïng lÆp.

Incorrect: Mr. Brown told Mr. Adams that he would have to work all night in order to finish the report.

Correct : According to Mr. Brown, Mr. Adams will have to work all night in order to finish the report.

or Mr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all night.

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô

Trong mét c©u tiÕng Anh cã chung mét chñ ng÷ bao gåm 2 thµnh phÇn: MÖnh ®Ò phô cã thÓ më ®Çu b»ng mét V-ing (chiÕm ®a sè) - mét PII (nÕu mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng) - mét Vinf (nÕu chØ môc ®Ých) vµ mét ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc mét ng÷ giíi tõ nÕu chØ sù t­¬ng øng.

Khi sö dông lo¹i c©u nµy cÇn hÕt søc l­u ý r»ng chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.

Th«ng th­êng cã 6 giíi tõ ®øng tr­íc mét V-ing më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô: By (b»ng c¸ch, bëi), upon, after (sau khi), before (tr­íc khi), while (trong khi), when (khi).

Ex: By working a ten-hour day for four days, we can have a long weekend.

L­u ý :r»ng on+ ®éng tõ tr¹ng th¸i hoÆc in + ®éng tõ chØ hµnh ®éng th× t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi when hoÆc while

Ex: On finding ( when finding) the door ajor, I aroused suspicion.

Ex: In searching for underground deposits of oil geologists often rely on magnometers.

NÕu chØ cã V-ing ë mÖnh ®Ò phô, thêi cña c©u ph¶i do thêi cña hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh quyÕt ®Þnh, hai hµnh ®éng x¶y ra song song cïng mét lóc.

NÕu muèn thµnh lËp thÓ phñ ®Þnh cho mÖnh ®Ò phô th× ®Æt Not tr­íc V-ing sau giíi tõ.

Ex: (Present) Practing her swing every day, Tricia hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.

(Future) Finishing the letter later tonight, Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.

NÕu being vµ having më ®Çu c©u phô th× ®»ng tr­íc chóng Èn giíi tõ because.

Ex: Being a good student, he can always pass his exam easily.(Because he is...)

Ex:Having a terrible toothache,Felipe called the dentist for an appointment(Because he had a..)

§éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ®Ých ë ®Çu c©u phô

Incorrect: To prevent cavities, dental floss should be used daily after brushing teeth.

Correct: To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after brushing one's teeth.

Ng÷ danh tõ (ng÷ giíi tõ) më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù t­¬ng øng

Incorrect: A competitive sports, gymnasts must perform before a panel of judges who use their knowledge of rules and skill to determine which participant will win.

Correct: In a gymnastic competitive sports game, gymnasts must ......

Ph©n tõ hai më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ bÞ ®éng

Incorrect: Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, some archeologists estimated that the three - million - year - old fossils were the oldest human remains to be discovered.

Correct: Found in Tanzania by Maryleaky, the three - million - year - old fossils were estimated by some archeologists to be the oldest human remains that had ever been discovered.

CÊu tróc nµy cßn ¸p dông cho c¶ c¸c mÉu c©u cã mÖnh ®Ò phô më ®Çu b»ng

Although + Adj/ P2.

Ex: Although (he was) nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.

Ex: Although (it had been) damaged, the machine was still functioning.

HoÆc cã thÓ dïng when hoÆc P2 më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô

Ex: When( it is) shown through a prism , a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.

ThÓ hoµn thµnh (having + P2 ) ®­îc sö dông ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò phô x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lïi s©u vµo trong qu¸ khø. §»ng tr­íc Having cã Èn hai giíi tõ because vµ after. ViÖc hiÓu hai giíi tõ nµy tïy thuéc vµo ng÷ c¶nh cña c©u.

(not) + having + P2 .... +S + Simple Past

Ex: Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play. (After the boys had finished...)

Ex:Not having read the book, she could not answer the question. (Because she had not read...)

§Æc biÖt l­u ý cÊu tróc nµy cßn cã thÓ ¸p dông cho c¶ mÉy c©u mµ c¶ 2 thêi V sÏ diÔn biÕn ë Present Perfect _Simple Present (tuy r»ng hiÕm)

Ex:Having seen the children's work, Ms Adams approves their request to go home.

(After she has seen the children's work, Ms Adams approves...)

MÖnh ®Ò phô còng cã thÓ ®­îc diÔn t¶ ë th× bÞ ®éng

[After/ Because + (not) + having been + P2 .... + S + Simple present

Ex: Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Jason and I missed our connecting flight.

§iÒu quan träng nhÊt cho viÖc sö dông lo¹i c©u nµy lµ chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i lµ chñ ng÷ hîp lý cña mÖnh ®Ò phô.

Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ

Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®­îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:

§øng ngay tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ chñ ®éng.

Hµnh ®éng ®ã ®ang ë thÓ tiÕp diÔn.

§éng tõ ®­îc sö dông lµm tÝnh tõ ph¶i kh«ng ®ßi hái mét t©n ng÷ nµo (néi ®éng tõ).

Ex: The crying baby woke Mr.Binion. ( The baby was crying)

Ex: The blooming flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors. (The flowers were blooming)

Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®­îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:

§øng ngay tr­íc danh tõ mµ nã bæ nghÜa.

Hµnh ®éng ph¶i ë thÓ bÞ ®éng.

Hµnh ®éng ®ã x¶y ra tr­íc hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

Ex: The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. (The mail had been sorted).

L­u ý: Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ nh­ to interest, to bore, to excite, to frighten khi sö dông ph¶i rÊt cÈn thËnvÒ viÖc nh÷ng ph©n tõ ®­îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy mang nghÜa chñ ®éng hay bÞ ®éng.

Ex: The boring professor put the students to sleep.

The boring lecture put the students to sleep.

The bored students went to sleep during the boring lecture.

C©u thõa

Khi th«ng tin trong c©u bÞ lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i d­íi d¹ng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt th× nã bÞ gäi lµ c©u thõa, cÇn ph¶i lo¹i bá phÇn thõa ®ã.

Ng­êi Anh kh«ng dïng the reason .... because mµ dïng the reason ... that.

Ex: The reason I take this course that it's necessary for me.

Ng­êi Anh kh«ng dïng the time when mµ chØ dïng mét trong hai.

Ex: It is the time/ when I got home.

Ng­êi Anh kh«ng dïng place where mµ chØ dïng mét trong hai.

Ex: It is the place/ where I was born.

CÊu tróc c©u song song

Khi th«ng tin trong mét c©u ®­îc ®­a ra d­íi d¹ng hµng lo¹t th× c¸c thµnh phÇn ®­îc liÖt kª ph¶i song song víi nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p (Noun - noun, adj - adj).

Th«ng th­êng th× thµnh phÇn ®Çu tiªn sau ®éng tõ sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh c¸c thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i

Not parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.

noun noun clause

Parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a teacher.

noun noun noun

L­u ý: Tuy nhiªn nÕu thêi gian trong c©u lµ kh¸c nhau th× ®éng tõ còng ph¶i tu©n theo qui luËt thêi gian. Lóc ®ã cÊu tróc c©u song song kh«ng tån t¹i

Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp

C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp

Trong c©u trùc tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ng­êi thø nhÊt ®Õn th¼ng ng­êi thø hai.

Ex: He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday"

Trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp th«ng tin ®i tõ ng­êi thø nhÊt qua ng­êi thø hai ®Õn víi ng­êi thø ba. Khi ®ã c©u cã biÕn ®æi vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p.

Ex: He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before.

§Ó biÕn ®æi mét c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp cÇn:

§æi chñ ng÷ vµ c¸c ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng kh¸c trong c©u trùc tiÕp theo chñ ng÷ cña thµnh phÇn thø nhÊt.

Lïi ®éng tõ ë vÕ thø 2 xuèng mét cÊp so víi vÕ ban ®Çu.

BiÕn ®æi c¸c ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ thêi gian vµ ®Þa ®iÓm theo b¶ng qui ®Þnh.

B¶ng ®æi ®éng tõ Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present

Present progressive

Present perfect (Progressive)

Simple past

Will/Shall

Can/May Simple past

Past progressive

Past perfect (Progressive)

Past perfect

Would/ Should

Could/ Might

B¶ng ®æi c¸c ®¹i tõ chØ thÞ, phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm vµ thêi gian Today

Yesterday

The day before yesterday

Tomorrow

The day after tomorrow

Next + Time

Last + Time

Time + ago

This, these

Here, overhere That day

The day before

Two days before

The next/ the following day

In two days' time

The following + Time

The previous + Time

Time + before

That, those

There, overthere

NÕu lêi nãi vµ hµnh ®éng x¶y ra cïng ngµy th× kh«ng cÇn ph¶i ®æi thêi gian.

Ex: At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today"

At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today.

C¸c suy luËn logic vÒ mÆt thêi gian tÊt nhiªn lµ cÇn thiÕt khi lêi nãi ®­îc thuËt l¹i sau ®ã mét hoÆc hai ngµy.

Ex: (On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday "

(On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow.

(On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today.

§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp

Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã hai lo¹i t©n ng÷ : 1 trùc tiÕp vµ 1 gi¸n tiÕp ®ång thêi còng cã hai c¸ch dïng:

Lèi dïng gi¸n tiÕp: §Æt t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp ®i sau hai giíi tõ for vµ to.

Ex: The director's secretary sent the manuscript to them last night.

Lèi dïng trùc tiÕp: §Æt t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp sau ®éng tõ råi ®Õn t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp, hai giíi tõ to vµ for bÞ lo¹i bá.

Ex: The director's secretary sent them the manuscript last night.

Incorrect: The director's secretary sent to them the manuscript last night.

Hai ®éng tõ to introduce vµ to mention ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp, kh«ng ®­îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp.

to introduce smt/sb to sb

to mention smt to sb. (®Ò cËp, kÓ c¸i g× cho ai)

NÕu c¶ hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ®Òu lµ ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng th× kh«ng ®­îc dïng c«ng thøc trùc tiÕp mµ ph¶i dïng c«ng thøc gi¸n tiÕp.

Correct: They gave it to us.

Incorrect: They gave us it.

Sù ®¶o ng­îc phã tõ

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp c¸c phã tõ kh«ng ®øng ë vÞ trÝ b×nh th­êng cña nã mµ ®¶o lªn ®øng ë ®Çu c©u nh»m nhÊn m¹nh vµo hµnh ®éng cña chñ ng÷.

Trong tr­êng hîp ®ã ng÷ ph¸p sÏ thay ®æi, ®»ng sau phã tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u lµ trî ®éng tõ råi míi ®Õn chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ chÝnh.

Hardly

Rarely

Seldom + auxiliary + S + V

Never

Only...

Ex: Never have so many people been unemployed as today.

adveb auxiliary subject verb

(So many people have never been unemployed as today)

Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u

In/ Under no circumstances: Dï trong bÊt cø hoµn c¶nh nµo còng kh«ng.

Ex: Under no circumstances should you lend him the money.

On no account: Dï bÊt cø lý do g× còng kh«ng

Ex: On no accout must this switch be touched.

Only in this way: ChØ b»ng c¸ch nµy

Ex: Only in this way could the problem be solved.

In no way: Kh«ng sao cã thÓ

Ex: In no way could I agree with you.

By no means: Hoµn toµn kh«ng

Ex: By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.

Negative ..., nor + auxiliary + S + V

Ex: He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow.

Khi mét mÖnh ®Ò më ®Çu b»ng c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc trËt tù th× ®éng tõ chÝnh cã thÓ ®¶o lªn chñ ng÷ nh­ng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ trong tr­êng hîp nµy.

Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary)

Ex: In front of the museum is a statue.

Ex: First came the ambulance, then came the police: Tho¹t ®Çu lµ xe cøu th­¬ng ch¹y ®Õn, tiÕp sau lµ c¶nh s¸t.

Khi 1 giíi tõ lµm phã tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm hoÆc ph­¬ng h­íng ®øng lªn ®Çu c©u c¸c néi ®éng tõ ph¶i ®Æt lªn tr­íc chñ ng÷ nh­ng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ trong lo¹i c©u, nã rÊt phæ biÕn trong v¨n m« t¶ khi muèn diÔn ®¹t 1 chñ ng÷ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.

Ex:Under the tree was lying one of the biggest man I had ever seen.

Directly in front of them stood a great castle.

On the grass sat an enormous frog.

Along the road came a strange procession.

TÝnh tõ còng cã thÓ ®¶o lªn trªn ®Çu c©u ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh vµ sau ®ã lµ ®éng tõ nèi nh­ng tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc sö dông trî ®éng tõ.

Ex: So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music lesson for her tuition fees.

Trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ng­êi ta còng cã thÓ ®¶o toµn bé ®éng tõ chÝnh lªn trªn chñ ng÷ ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh, nh÷ng ®éng tõ ®­îc ®¶o lªn trªn trong tr­êng hîp nµy phÇn lín ®Òu mang s¾c th¸i bÞ ®éng nh­ng hoµn toµn kh«ng cã nghÜa bÞ ®éng.

Ex: Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices: (Tuy nhiªn nh÷ng bÝ mËt .... ®· mÊt ®i vÜnh viÔn)

C¸c phã tõ nh­ away(= off), down, in over, out, round, up... cã thÓ theo sau lµ 1 ®éng tõ chuyÓn ®éng vµ sau ®ã lµ 1 danh tõ lµm chñ ng÷

Ex: Away went the runners

Down fell a dozen of apples (cã 1 t¸ c¸c tr¸i t¸o bÞ rông)

Nh­ng nÕu 1 ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng lµm chñ ng÷ th× ®éng tõ ph¶i ®Ó sau chñ ng÷

Ex: Away they went.

Round and round if flew.

Trong tiÕng Anh viÕt c¸c ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu b»ng c¸ giíi tõ nh­: down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up...cã thÓ ®­îc theo sau ngay bëi ®éng tõ chØ vÞ trÝ (crouch, hang, lye, sit, stand...)hoÆc c¸c d¹ng ®éng tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng, c¸c ®éng tõ nh­ be born, die, live vµ 1 sè d¹ng ®éng tõ kh¸c

Ex: From the rafter hung strings of onion.

In the door way stood a man with a gun.

On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.

L­u ý: 3 vÝ dô ®Çu cña c¸c vÞ dô trªn cã thÓ diÔn ®¹t b»ng 1 V- ing më ®Çu cho c©u vµ ®éng tõ to be ®¶o lªn trªn chñ ngh÷

Ex:Hanging from the rafter were sthings of onion

Standing in the door way was a man with a gun.

Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot.

HiÖn t­îng nµy cßn x¶y ra khi chñ ng÷ sau c¸c phã tõ so s¸nh nh­ as, than (qu¸ dµi)

Ex: She was religious, as were most of her friends

City dwellers have a higher death rate than do country people.

T©n ng÷ mang tÝnh nhÊn m¹nh còng cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u:

Ex: Not a single word did he say.

Here, there hoÆc 1 sè c¸c phã tõ ®i kÕt hîp víi ®éng tõ ®øng ®Çu c©u còng ph¶i ®¶o ®éng tõ lªn trªn chñ ng÷ khi chñ ng÷ ®ã lµ 1 danh tõ nh­ng nÕu chñ ng÷ lµ 1 ®¹i tõ th× kh«ng ®­îc ®¶o Verb

Ex: Here comes Fred: Fred ®Õn råi k×a

I stopped the car up walked a policeman.

Off we go.

Here he comes.

C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p

Mét trong sè hai bµi thi ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL ®­îc cho d­íi d¹ng mét c©u cho s½n, cßn ®Ó trèng mét phÇn vµ d­íi ®ã lµ 4 c©u ®Ó ®iÒn vµo. Trong 4 c©u chØ cã mét c©u ®óng. §Ó gi¶i quyÕt ®­îc c©u ®óng ph¶i theo lÇn l­ît c¸c b­íc sau:

KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm

Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ vÞ ng÷

C¸ch sö dông Adj vµ Adv

VÞ trÝ cña c¸c Adv theo thø tù lÇn l­ît: chØ ph­¬ng thøc hµnh ®éng - ®Þa ®iÓm - thêi gian - ph­¬ng tiÖn hµnh ®éng - t×nh huèng hµnh ®éng.

Sù phèi hîp gi÷a c¸c thêi ®éng tõ.

Xem xÐt viÖc sö dông hîp lý c¸c ®¹i tõ trong c©u.

CÊu tróc c©u song song.

Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh r­êm rµ:

Lo¹i bá c©u tr¶ lêi bao gåm mét thµnh ng÷ dµi, tuy kh«ng sai nh­ng cã mét tõ ng¾n h¬n ®Ó thay thÕ.

L­u ý: Nh­ng ph¶i hÕt søc cÈn thËn v× mét sè c¸c Adj tËn cïng b¨ng ®u«i ly kh«ng thÓ cÊu t¹o phã tõ b»ng ®u«i ly. Phã tõ cña nh÷ng Adj nµy lµ in a Adj-ly + manner/way.

Ex: He behaves me in a friendly way/ manner

Ph¶i cÈn thËn khi dïng fresh

in a fresh manner = mét c¸ch t­¬i.

Ex: This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh manner

freshly + PII = võa míi

Ex: freshly-picked fruit = qu¶ võa míi h¸i

freshly-laid eggs = trøng gµ võa míi ®Î

Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng tõ thõa trong c©u thõa

Ex: Cause a result => thõa a resutl

3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®­îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña bµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ.

4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®­îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n viÕt qui chuÈn

Ex: A bunch of flowers

Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn

§ã lµ nh÷ng tõ rÊt dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa, chÝnh t¶ hoÆc ph¸t ©m, cÇn ph¶i ph©n biÖt râ chóng b»ng ng÷ c¶nh.

1) cite (V) trÝch dÉn

site (N) khu ®Êt ®Ó x©y dùng.

sight (N) khe ng¾m, tÇm ng¾m.

(V) quang c¶nh, c¶nh t­îng.

(V) quan s¸t, nh×n thÊy

2) dessert (N) mãn tr¸ng miÖng

desert (N) sa m¹c

desert (V) bá, bá mÆc, ®µo ngò

3) later (adj) sau ®ã, råi th× (th­êng dïng víi ®éng tõ thêi t­¬ng lai)>< ealier

the later c¸i thø 2, ng­êi thø 2, c¸i sau, ng­êi sau. >< the former = c¸i tr­íc, ng­êi tr­íc.

4) principal (N) hiÖu tr­ëng (tr­êng phæ th«ng)

(Adj) chÝnh, chñ yÕu.

principle (N) nguyªn t¾c, luËt lÖ

5) affect (V) t¸c ®éng ®Õn

effect (N) ¶nh h­ëng, hiÖu qu¶

(V) t¹o hiÖu qu¶, g©y hiÖu qu¶.

6) already (Adv) ®·

all ready (N +adj) tÊt c¶ ®· s½n sµng.

7) among (Prep) trong sè (dïng cho 3 ng­êi, 3 vËt trë lªn)

between...and : gi÷a...vµ (chØ dïng cho 2 ng­êi/vËt)

L­u ý: between...and còng cßn ®­îc dïng ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c cña mét quèc gia n»m gi÷a nh÷ng quèc gia kh¸c cho dï lµ > 2

Ex: Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia.

among = one of/ some of/ included in : trong mét sè, mét sè trong kÓ c¶, bao gåm

Ex:Among the first to arrive was the first embasador.

He has the number of criminals among his friend.

Between cßn ®­îc dïng cho c¸c qu·ng c¸ch cho vËt hoÆc giíi h¹n vÒ mÆt thêi gian.

Ex:We need two meters between nine and eleven.

Dïng between khi muèn ®Ò cËp ®Õn 2 vËt hoÆc 2 nhãm vËt ë vÒ 2 phÝa.

Ex:A little valley between high mountains.

I saw something between the wheels of the car.

Difference + between (not among)

Ex:What are the differences between pen, pencil and ballpoint pen.

Between each of Noun (and the next)

Ex:We need two meters between each window and the next.

There seems to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next)

Divide + between (not among)

Ex:He divided his gifts between his wife, his daughter and his little sister.

Share + between/ among

Ex:He shared the food between/ among all my friends.

8) consecutive (Adj) liªn tôc (kh«ng cã tÝnh ®øt qu·ng)

successive (Adj) liªn tôc (cã tÝnh c¸ch qu·ng)

9) emigrant (N) ng­êi di c­ EMBED Equation.3 (V): emigrate from

immigrant (N) ng­êi nhËp c­ EMBED Equation.3 (V): immigrate into

10)formerly (Adv) tr­íc kia

formally (Adv) chØnh tÒ (¨n mÆc)

(Adv) chÝnh thøc

11)historic (Adj) : næi tiÕng, quan träng trong lÞch sö

Ex:The historic spot on which the early English settlers landed in North America.

~ (Adj) :mang tÝnh lÞch sö. - historic times

historical (Adj): thuéc vÒ lÞch sö - historical reseach, historical magazine

~ (Adj) :cã thËt trong lÞch sö - historical people, historical events

12)hepless (Adj) v« väng, tuyÖt väng

useless (Adj) v« dông

13)imaginary (Adj) kh«ng cã thËt, t­ëng t­îng

imaginative (Adj) phong phó, bay bæng vÒ trÝ t­ëng t­îng

14)classic (adj): chÊt l­îng cao, hay - classic novel/ classic football game

~ (Adj): ®Æc thï, ®Æc tr­ng, tiªu biÓu - a classic example

classic + Noun: v¨n nghÖ sü, t¸c phÈm l­u danh - This novel may well become a classic.

classics: v¨n häc vµ ng«n ng÷ cæ HiLa

classical(Adj): cæ ®iÓn, kinh ®iÓn

15)Politic (adj): nhËn thøc ®óng, kh«n ngoan, thËn träng

Ex: I don't think it would be politic to ask for loan just now.

Political (adj): thuéc vÒ chÝnh trÞ - A political career: mét sù nghiÖp chÝnh trÞ

16) continual (adj): liªn tôc, lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i( hµnh ®éng cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng)

Ex: Please stop your continual questions.

continous (adj): liªn miªn, suèt (hµnh ®éng kh«ng cã tÝnh ng¾t qu·ng)

Ex: A continous flow of trafic

17)As (liªn tõ) + S + V = nh­ - When in Roma do as Roman do.

18)Like (adj dïng nh­ 1 giíi tõ) +N/ N phrase - He fought like a mad man.

19)Alike (adj) : gièng nhau, t­¬ng tù - Although they are brothers, they don't look alike.

Alike (adv) : nh­ nhau - The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.

20)As: nh­ , víi t­ c¸ch lµ (dïng trong so s¸nh khi b¶n th©n c¸i/ ng­êi ®­îc so s¸nh kh«ng ph¶i lµ 1 hoÆc kh«ng cã chøc n¨ng ®ång nhÊt) - Ex: Let me speak to you as a father.

Like: nh­ lµ (dïng trong so s¸nh khi b¶n th©n c¸i/ ng­êi ®­îc so s¸nh kh«ng ph¶i lµ 1 hoÆc kh«ng cã chøc n¨ng ®ång nhÊt) - Ex: Let me speak to you like a man above.

21)Before: tr­íc ®©y, tr­íc ®ã (dïng trong tr­êng hîp so s¸nh 1 thø víi tÊt c¶ c¸c thø kh¸c cïng lo¹i) - Ex: She has never seen such a beautiful picture before.

Before: tr­íc, vÒ tr­íc (chØ 1 sù viÖc x¶y ra tr­íc 1 sù viÖc trong qu¸ khø, th­êng dïng víi Past perfect) - Ex: He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England for years before.

Ago: tr­íc (tÝnh tõ hiÖn t¹i trë ng­îc vÒ qu¸ khø th­êng dïng víi Past Simple)

Ex: I went to England three years ago.

22) Certain: ch¾c ch¾n (biÕt sù thËt) - Ex: Certainly/ I'm certain that he didn't steal it.

Sure: kh«ng biÕt ch¾c, nãi theo c¶m nhËn, nghÜa yÕu h¬n certain

Ex: Surely/ I'm sure that he did not steal it.

23)Indeed:

Very + indeed (sau 1 adj hoÆc adv)

Ex: Thank you very much indeed: thùc sù c¶m ¬n ngµi

I was very please indeed to hear from you.

Indeed dïng sau to be hoÆc 1 trî V nh»m x¸c nhËn hoÆc nhÊn m¹nh 1 sù ®ång ý, th­êng dïng trong c©u tr¶ lêi ng¾n

Ex: It's cold // It's indeed.

Henry made a fool of himself // He did indeed.

24)ill (be ill = sick): èm - Ex: George couldn't come last week because he was ill.

sick + N: èm yÕu, bÖnh tËt - Ex: He spent 20 years looking his sick father.

be sick : n«n - feel sick: buån n«n (say tµu,xe)

Ex: I was sick three times in the night.

I feel sick, where 's the bathroom ?

She 's never seasick. - motion sicknous : say tµu, xe

25)wellcome (Adj): ®­îc mong ®îi tõ l©u, thó vÞ

Ex: wellcome guest: kh¸ch quý ®­îc mong ®îi- a wellcome gift: mãn quµ thó vÞ chê ®îi tõ l©u

wellcome to + N: cã quyÒn, ®­îc phÐp sö dông

Ex: You are wellcome to any book in my library.

wellcoming: ph©n tõ 1 cÊu t¹o tõ V wellcome dïng lµm tÝnh tõ

~ : chµo ®ãn, tiÕp ®ãn ©n cÇn - Ex: This country has given me a wellcome feeling.

~ : hoan nghªnh, t¸n ®ång (ý kiÕn)

To show a wellcoming idea: béc lé 1 ý kiÕn t¸n ®ång

26)Be certain /sure of Ving: ch¾c ch¾n lµ (®Ò cËp ®Õn t×nh c¶m cña ng­êi ®ang ®­îc nãi ®Õn)

Ex: Before the game, she feel certain of winning, but after a few minutes she realized it wasn't going to be easy.

You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right.

be certain / sure + to + V: ch¾c ch¾n sÏ ph¶i (®Ò cËp ®Õn t×nh c¶m cña chÝnh ng­êi nãi, viÕt c©u ®ã)

Ex: The repair are certain to cost more than you think.

Ellen is sure to win - the other girl hasn't got a chance.

be interested + to + V: thÊy thÝch khi, thÊy thó vÞ khi

Ex: I'm interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to whales.

be interested in + Ving / be interested + to V: muèn biÕt, muèn ph¸t hiÖn ra, t×m ra

Ex: I'm interested in finding out / to find out what she did with all that money.

be interested in + Ving : thÊy thÝch, thÝch, muèn

Ex: I'm interested in learning higher education in the U.S.

Giíi tõ

During = trong suèt (ho¹t ®éng diÔn ra liªn tôc)

From = tõ >< to = ®Õn

From ... to ...= tõ ... ®Õn... (dïng cho thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn)

From time to time = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

Out of = ra khái >< into = vµo trong

to be/ to run out of + noun = hÕt, kh«ng cßn

Out of town = ®i v¾ng

Out of date = cò, l¹c hËu >< up to date = míi, cËp nhËt

Out of work = thÊt nghiÖp, mÊt viÖc

Out of the question = kh«ng thÓ ®­îc

Out of order = háng, kh«ng sö dông ®­îc

By

V chØ chuyÓn ®éng + by = ®i ngang qua (walk by the library)

V tÜnh + by = ë gÇn (your books are by the window)

by + thêi gian cô thÓ = tr­íc lóc, cho ®Õn lóc (hµnh ®éng cho ®Õn lóc ®ã ®· ph¶i x¶y ra)

by + ph­¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng = ®i b»ng

by then = cho ®Õn lóc ®ã (dïng cho c¶ QK vµ TL)

by the way = via = theo ®­êng, theo ng¶ ...

by the way = mét c¸ch t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn

by the way = by the by = nh©n ®©y, nh©n tiÖn

by far + so s¸nh (th­êng lµ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt) EMBED Equation.3 dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh

by accident / by mistake = t×nh cê, ngÉu nhiªn >< on purose : cã chñ ®Þnh

In = bªn trong

In + month/year

In time = ®óng giê = in time for = in good time for (th­êng kÞp lµm g×, h¬i sím h¬n giê dù ®Þnh mét chót)

In the street = d­íi lßng ®­êng

In the morning/ afternoon/ evening

In the past/future = tr­íc kia, trong qu¸ khø/ trong t­¬ng lai

In future = from now on = tõ nay trë ®i

In the begining/ end = at first/ last = tho¹t ®Çu/ rèt cuéc

In the way = ®ç ngang lèi, ch¾n lèi

Once in a while = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

In no time at all = trong nh¸y m¾t, mét tho¸ng

In the mean time = meanwhile = cïng lóc

In the middle of = ë gi÷a (®Þa ®iÓm)

In the army/ airforce/ navy : trong qu©n ®éi, kh«ng qu©n, h¶i qu©n

In + the + STT + row = hµng thø...

In the event that = trong tr­êng hîp mµ

In case = ®Ó phßng khi, ngé nhì

to get/ be in touch/ contact with Smb = gÆp gì, liªn l¹c, tiÕp xóc víi ai

On =ë trªn (bÒ mÆt)

On + thø trong tuÇn/ ngµy trong th¸ng

On + a/the + ph­¬ng tiÖn giao th«ng = trªn chuyÕn, ®· lªn chuyÕn

On + phè = ®Þa chØ... ( British.E = in + phè)

On the + STT + foor = ë tÇng thø...

On time = ®óng giê (bÊt chÊp ®iÒu kiÖn bªn ngoµi, nghÜa m¹nh h¬n in time)

On the corner of = ë gãc phè (gi÷a hai phè)

L­u ý: in the corner = ë gãc trong

at the corner = ë gãc ngoµi, t¹i gãc phè, ®Çu phè

On the sidewalk (British.E = pavement) = trªn vØa hÌ

On the pavement (American. E) = trªn mÆt ®­êng nhùa (Don't brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car)

On the way to = trªn ®­êng ®Õn >< on the way back to

On the right/left = vÒ bªn ph¶i, tr¸i

On T.V./ on the radio = trªn truyÒn h×nh, ®µi ph¸t thanh

On the phone/ telephone = gäi ®iÖn tho¹i, nãi chuyÖn ®iÖn tho¹i

On the phone = nhµ cã m¾c ®iÖn tho¹i (Are you on the phone?)

On the whole = nãi chung, vÒ ®¹i thÓ

On the other hand = however = nevertheless = tuy nhiªn

On the one hand... on the other hand... = mét mÆt th× ...mÆt kh¸c th×...

Ex: On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must

combine it with listening comprehension.

on sale = for sale = cã b¸n, ®Ó b¸n

on sale (A.E.)= b¸n h¹ gi¸ = at a discount (B.E)

on foot = ®i bé

At = ë t¹i ( kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh b»ng in)

At + sè nhµ

At + thêi gian cô thÓ

At home/ school/ work

At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gi÷a tr­a- Ex:She was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late)

At least = chÝ Ýt, tèi thiÓu >< at most = tèi ®a

At once = ngay lËp tøc

At present/ At the moment = now :ngay lóc nµy, ngay b©y giê

Chó ý: 2 thµnh ng÷ trªn t­¬ng ®­¬ng víi presently nh­ng presently se kh¸c nhau vÒ nghÜa nÕu nã ®øng ë c¸c vÞ trÝ kh¸c nhau trong c©u:

Sentence + presently (= soon): ngay tøc th× (She will be here presently)

Presently + sentence (= afterward/ and then) : ngay sau ®ã (Presently, I heard her leave the room)

S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment (He is presently working toward his Ph.D. degree)

At times = ®«i khi, thØnh tho¶ng

At first = tho¹t ®Çu >< at last = cuèi cïng, rèt cuéc

At the begining of / at the end of...: ë ®Çu, ë cuèi (dïng cho ®Þa ®iÓm vµ thêi gian)

At + tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ : at Christmas, at ThanksGiving...

Nh­ng on + tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ + day = on Christmas day ...

Trong d¹ng informal E., on tr­íc c¸c thø trong tuÇn ®«i khi bÞ l­îc bá: She is going to see her boss (on) Sunday morning.

At/in/on th­êng ®­îc kh«ng dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian khi cã mÆt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all

At + ®Þa ®iÓm : at the center of the building

At + nh÷ng ®Þa ®iÓm lín (khi xem nã nh­ mét n¬i trung chuyÓn hoÆc gÆp gì)

Ex :The plane stoped 1 hour at Washington D.C. before continuing on to Atlanta.

Let's meet at the club.

At + tªn c¸c toµ nhµ lín (khi xem nh­ 1 hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y ra ë ®ã chø kh«ng ®Ò cËp ®Õn toµ nhµ) :

Ex: There is a good movie at the Center Theater.

At + tªn riªng c¸c tæ chøc:

Ex: She works at Legal & General Insurance.

At + tªn riªng n¬i c¸c tr­êng së hoÆc khu vùc ®¹i häc:

Ex :She is studying at the London School of Economics. /He is a student at Harvard.

At + tªn c¸c ho¹t ®éng qui tô thµnh nhãm: at the party/ lecture...

Mét sè c¸c thµnh ng÷ dïng víi giíi tõ

On the beach: trªn bê biÓn

Along the beach: däc theo bê biÓn

In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay v×.

L­u ý: Instead cã thÓ ®øng ë cuèi cau khi kh«ng cã mét mÖnh ®Ò nµo theo sau nã, lóc ®ã nã lµm nhiÖm vô cña 1 phã tõ nh­ng víi in place of tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng nh­ vËy

Ex: He should have studied last night, but he watched T.V instead.

For the most part: chÝnh lµ, chñ yÕu lµ = mainly

In hopes of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = víi hi väng lµ.

off and on: dai d¼ng, t¸i håi

all of a sudden= suddenly = bçng nhiªn

for good = forever: vÜnh viÔn, m·i m·i.

Ng÷ ®éng tõ

§ã lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kÕt hîp víi 1, 2 hoÆc ®«i khi 3 giíi tõ, khi kÕt hîp ë d¹ng nh­ vËy ng÷ nghÜa cña chóng thay ®æi h¼n so víi nghÜa ban ®Çu.

To break off: chÊm døt, c¾t ®øt, ®o¹n tuyÖt.

To bring up: nªu ra, ®­a lªn mét vÊn ®Ò

To call on: - yªu cÇu

- ®Õn th¨m

To care for: - thÝch (th­êng dïng ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh)

- tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc (= to take care of = to look after)

To check out : - m­în s¸ch ë th­ viÖn vÒ

- ®iÒu tra, nghiªn cøu, xem xÐt.

To check out of: lµm thñ tôc (®Ó ra khái kh¸ch s¹n, s©n bay) <> to check in

To check (up) on: ®iÒu tra, xem xÐt.

To close in on: tiÕn l¹i gÇn, ch¹y l¹i gÇn

To come along with: ®i cïng víi, th¸p tïng

To count on = depend on = rely on: tin cËy, dùa vµo

To come down with: m¾c ph¶i mét c¨n bÖnh

To do away with = to get rid of: tèng khø, lo¹i bá, trõ khö

To draw up = to draff: so¹n th¶o (mét kÕ ho¹ch, mét hîp ®ång)

To drop out of = to withdraw from: bá (®Æc biÖt lµ bá häc gi÷a chõng)

To figure out: H×nh dung ra ®­îc, hiÓu ®­îc.

To find out: kh¸m ph¸ ra, ph¸t hiÖn ra.

To get by: LÇn håi qua ngµy, sèng sãt qua ®­îc

To get through with: kÕt thóc, lµm xong

To get through to: th«ng tin ®­îc cho ai, gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho ai, lµm cho ai hiÓu

To get up: - dËy

- tæ chøc.

To give up: bá, tõ bá

To go along with: ®ång ý víi

To hold on to: vÉn gi÷ v÷ng, duy tr×

To hold up: - c­íp

- vÉn gi÷ v÷ng, duy tr×, dïng ®­îc(bÊt chÊp søc Ðp bªn ngoµi hoÆc sö dông l©u)

- lµm ¸ch t¾c, ®×nh trÖ

To keep on doing smt = to keep doing smt : vÉn tiÕp tôc kh«ng ngõng lµm g×

To look after: tr«ng nom, s¨n sãc

To look in to: ®iÒu tra, xem xÐt

To pass out/ to hand out : ph©n phèi, ph©n ph¸t

To pass out = to faint: ngÊt (néi ®éng tõ, kh«ng dïng bÞ ®éng)

To pick out: chän ra, lùa ra, nhÆt ra

To point out: chØ ra, v¹ch ra

To put off: tr× ho·n, ®×nh ho·n

To run across smt: kh¸m ph¸, ph¸t hiÖn ra (t×nh cê)

To run into smb: gÆp ai bÊt ngê

To see about: lo l¾ng, s¨n sãc, ch¹y v¹y

To take off: cÊt c¸nh >< to land

To take over for: thay thÕ cho

to talk over: biªn so¹n, th¶o luËn vÒ

to try out: thö nghiÖm, dïng thö (s¶n phÈm)

to try out for: thö vai, thö giäng (1 vë kÞch, buæi biÓu diÔn)

To turn in: - giao nép, ®Ö tr×nh (= hand in)

- ®i ngñ

To watch out for: c¶nh gi¸c, ®Ó m¾t, tr«ng chõng (c¶ nghÜa ®en lÉn nghÜa bãng)

Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc

Kh«ng bao giê ®­îc ®äc vµo bµi ®äc ngay, cÇn ®äc vµ hiÓu c©u hái cÆn kÏ.

§äc vµ t×m chñ ®Ò (chñ ®Ò cña c¸c bµi ®äc trong TOEFL 90% n»m ë c©u ®Çu, 5% n»m ë c©u cuèi, 5% cßn l¹i rót ra tõ toµn bµi)

T×m c¸ch ph©n ®o¹n (nÕu cã) vµ t×m néi dung cña tõng ®o¹n

Tr¶ lêi c©u hái, c©u hái trong TOEFL ®­îc ph©n thµnh mét sè lo¹i nh­ sau:

C©u hái chñ ®Ò (Main topic question)

C©u hái x¸c ®Þnh l¹i (Restatement question) EMBED Equation.3 lo¹i c©u hái dÔ.

C©u hái phñ ®Þnh (Negative question) EMBED Equation.3 dïng biÖn ph¸p lo¹i trõ

C©u hái suy luËn (inference question) EMBED Equation.3 khã nhÊt

C©u hái ®Ò cËp (reference question) EMBED Equation.3 nh»m vµo c¸c ®¹i tõ

C©u hái tõ vùng (Vocabulary question)

C©u hái suy ®o¸n chñ ®Ò kh¶ dÜ cña ®o¹n ®äc (tr­íc hoÆc sau ®o¹n ®äc ®· cho) EMBED Equation.3 dùa vµo c©u ®Çu hoÆc cuèi cña bµi ®äc (Previous/ Following Topic question).

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1

S + Verb + not only +

+ but also +

Subject + verb + as well as + verb

Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb

+ as well as +

S + Verb +

noun

adjective

adverb

prepositional phrase

noun

adjective

adverb

prepositional phrase

S + say + (that) + S + V

S + tell + indirect object + (that) + S + V

a story a lie/ lies

a joke the truth a secret (the) time

tell

S + negative auxiliary or be + either

neither + positive auxiliary or be + S

S + do, does, or did + too

so + do, does, or did + S

S + auxiliary only + too

so + auxiliary only + S

S + V (be) + too

so + V (be) + S

+ S + V + complement + modifier

auxiliary

+ be

do, does, did

when

where

how

why

+

+ S + V + (modifier)

auxiliary

do, does, did

whom

what

+ verb + (complement) + (modifier)

who

what

+ to have + P2

person - people child - children tooth - teeth

foot - feet mouse - mice man - men

woman - women

Subject + Simple Past While Subject + Past Progressive

Subject + Past Progressive When Subject + Simple Past

Subject + Past Progressive while Subject + Past Progressive

Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect

Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past

togethether with along with accompanied by as well as

subject + (prepositional phrase) + verb

none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

no + {singular noun/non-count noun} + singular verb

no + plural noun + plural verb

{neither/either} + noun + {nor/or} + plural noun + plural verb

{neither/either} + noun + {nor/or} + singular noun + singular verb

the majority + singular verb

the majority of the + plural noun + plural verb

a number of + plural noun + plural verb

the number of + plural noun + singular verb

The Noun's + noun

S + would like + [ to + V] ...

in a + adj-ly + way/manner

adj

+ enough

adv

enough + Noun

It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple form]

S1 + V[in any tense] + that + S2 + V [in simple form]