Unit 4- translation procedures

1.     Transference: a Sl is directly taken into TL text with no translation. ; to create some particular stylistic effect; new technical term that don’t have equivalents in the Sl

2.     Naturalization: a transferred words is adapted to the SL ( café-> cà phê)

3.     Through – translation: a word or normally an expression is translated literally into the target language; should be used for already recognized terms (ODA= quĩ hỗ trợ phát triển chính thức)

4.     Shift or transposition : involves a changes in the grammar/ part of speech from Sl to TL ( chuyển đổi từ loại)

5.     Modulation: a variation in the message when it is translated into a target language due to a change in the point of view.

One partß> another : she clear her throat-> cô ấy hắng giọng

Passive<-> active : the roof was damaged by the storm = trận báo phá hỏng căn nhà

Positive ß> double negative: the vase is not totally worthless: cái bình này cũng có chút giá trị

6.     Cultural equivalent: a SL cultural word/expression is translated by a TL cultural word considered equivalent to it. E.g mile-> m

7.     Functional equivalent: the using of a culture-free word/expression in a translation for a cultural word/expression in the source text. E.e pentagon = bộ quốc phòng.

8.     Descriptive equivalent: the meaning of the original words is explain in several words ; often used with transference to translate a cultural word/ expression

9.     Couplets: combine two or more translation procedures for dealing with a single problem.