Đọc truyện grammar

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AGREEMENT

Types of agreement:

subject verb agreement

singular plural agreement

reference agreement

nouns--non-count, complex, indefinite

Word or item

Rule

Example

Subject/verb

Most verbs (*except BE which is a special case) require agreement of the third person singular in the

present tense

; the third person singular form ends in

The other persons (first, second, and third plural) all take the simple form of the verb (in the present tense).

* The verb BE has its own forms (see end of document)

Sally

runs

every day.

Compound subjects

Subjects joined by

and

are nearly always plural

Exception: If the parts of the subject are considered a unit, you may treat the subject as singular.

Ben and Nicholas like to play soccer.

Crackers and cheese

my favorite snack.

If the subjects are joined by

nor, then the verb agrees with the part of the subject nearer to the verb.

Subjects joined by

require a singular verb if the items are singular. However, in informal speech, the plural verb is often used.

If the subject includes singular and plural items, the verb agrees with the item closest to the verb.

Neither the Smiths nor Aaron

coming to the party.

Anne or Alex takes care of delivering the cakes.

Anne or Alex take care of delivering the cakes.

George or his sons are going to fix the computer problem.

Complex subject

Sometimes the subject of the sentence is modified with a prepositional phrase. Be careful to use the true subject (not the modifier) in choosing the form of the verb.

The people at my school

seem

very intelligent.

(The verb agrees withpeople, not

school.)

The success of her teammates

mattersa lot to Emily.

Certain phrases, usually written within commas, do not make the subject plural.

Mary Nell, as well as her sons,

hasstudied Spanish for many years.

Noun clauses

A noun clause subject requires a singular verb.

How many fish there

are

doesn't matter. What kind they are

important.

Relative clauses

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural noun; the verb must agree with the noun

We are studying sentences that

arecomplex.

(The relative pronoun

thatrefers to a plural noun.)

He is reading a book that

very complicated.

(The relative pronoun refers to a singular noun.)

Collective nouns

Collective nouns may take either a singular or plural verb depending on the meaning.

Sigurd's soccer team is going to the state tournament.

(= the team as a whole)

Sigurd's soccer team all have the flu.

(= the individual team members)

Fractions and percentages

Fractions and percentages take the singular when they modify a mass noun and the plural when they modify a plural noun; either the singular or the plural may be used when they modify a collective noun.

Fifty percent of those children have psychological problems.

One-half of the cake has been eaten.

Plural unit words of distance

money

time

Plural unit words of

distance, money, and time.take a singular verb

300 miles is a long ways to go on a bicycle. (

distance)

Two hundred dollars seems a lot to spend on a dress. (

money)

Fifteen years is a long time to spend in jail.

(time)

Indefinite pronouns

Even though some indefinite pronouns (anybody, anyone, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, none, no one, somebody, someone, something)

seem to have plural meanings, treat them as singular in formal English.

Exception: Indefinite pronouns that express quantity (all, any, some, none) may be singular or plural depending on the noun they refer to.

Everyone in the class

wants

to read Romeo and Juliet. No one

wants

to read King Lear.

All of the students

have

identical suitcases.

All of the information provided

was

out of date.

one of
If the indefinite pronoun
one
is followed by an
ofphrase, the noun will be plural.
She is one of my best

friends.
Hakan was one of the most cooperativestudents
I ever had.
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns referring to indefinite pronouns are generally written in the masculine singular.
However, in spoken language,
their
is frequently used.

Everyone is bringing

his

own lunch.
Everyone should have

their

own copy of the book.
a lot of
lots of
There is not much difference between

a lot ofand

lots of: they are both used mainly before singular uncountable and plural nouns, and before pronouns. It is the subject, and not the form

lot/lots, that makes a following verb singular or plural. So when

a lot of

is used before a plural subject, the verb is plural; whenlots of

is used before a singular subject, the verb is singular.**
A lot of time

is

needed to learn a language.
Lots of patience

is

needed, too.
Lots of children
prefer
McDonalds to Burger King.
A large amount of
A great deal of
A (large) number of
The number of
These are used in similar ways to a lot of and lots of, but are more formal.
A large amount of

and
a great deal of
are generally used with uncountable nouns.
A (large) number of
is used before a plural noun and requires a plural verb.
The number of

is followed by a plural noun and requires a singular verb.
I've thrown out
a large amount
of old clothing.

A large number of problems still
haveto be solved.
A number of people
come
to the festival every year.
The number of people who eat liver pate

is

actually quite small.
There is/there are

When using these structures, the verb agrees with the noun following it.

However in informal English,

there's

is possible with a compound or plural subject.
There are many people in my class from Thailand.
There is an interesting statue of a troll under Aurora Bridge.
There are a gun and a knife in his bag.
There's a gun and a knife in her bag.
?There's a lot of weeds in my garden.

Singular Plural Agreement
Nouns need to agree in number with the words that refer to them
numbers
demonstrative determiners (see below)
many

five bananas, 21 years
these keys, that book
many apples
Reference Agreement
Subject pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive pronouns all need to agree in gender and number with the word(s) they refer to
he
she
it
they
this
that
these
those
mine
his
hers
its
yours
ours
theirs
Non-count noun agreement
Non-count nouns are treated as grammatically singular
This information

isn't correct.

**from Michael Swan's
Practical English Usage

* BE Verb

present tense
past tense

singular
plural
singular
plural
1st person
I am
we are
I was
we were
2nd person
you are
you are
you were
you were
3rd person
he/she/it is
they are
he/she/it was
they were

GERUNDS ANF INFINITIVES
*

V + to-inf
- Sau các động từ:
Agree , appear, afford, ask, demand, expect, hesitate, intend, invite, want, wish, hope, promise, decide, tell, refuse, learn, fail (thất bại), plan, manage, pretend (giả vờ), remind, persuade, encourage, force, order, urge (thúc giục), seem, tend, threaten,…
- Trong các cấu trúc:
+
It takes / took + O + thời gian + to-inf                       + chỉ mục đích
   + bổ ngữ cho danh từ hoặc đại từ:
S + V + Noun / pronoun + to-inf

I have some letters
to write.


Is there anything

to eat?
   +

It + be + adj + to-inf:

thật … để ..
Ex: It is interesting
to study
English
   +
S + be + adj + to-inf
Ex: I’m happy

to receive

your latter.

+ S + V + too + adj / adv + to-inf
   + S + V + adj / adv + enough + to-inf
   + S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-inf
Ex: I find it difficult

to learn

English vocabulary.
- Sau các từ nghi vấn: what, who, which, when, where, how ,…

(nhưng thường không dùng sau why)
Ex: I don’t know what
to say.
* Adj + to-inf:
- Hình thức nguyên mẫu có to thường được dùng sau một số tính từ diễn tả phản ứng hoặc cảm xúc của con người
(un)able                delighted                 proud                         glad
ashamed              afraid                      eager                         surprised
anxious                pleased                   amused                      easy
annoyed               happy                     ready
* Note:
- allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to-inf
Ex: She
allowed me to use
her pen.
- allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing

Ex: She didn’t
allow smoking
in her room.
- be allowed / permitted + to-inf
Ex: I
was allowed to go
out with my friends last night.
2. Bare infinitive / Infinitive without to (V1): Động từ nguyên mẫu không “to”
Động từ nguyên mẫu không to được dùng:
- Sau động từ khiếm khuyết:
can, will, shall, could, would,…
- Sau các động từ:
let, make, would rather, had better
Ex: They

made him repeat

the whole story.
- Các động từ chỉ tri giác:

hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find .. + O + V1

(chỉ sự hoàn tất của hành động – nghe hoặc thấy toàn bộ sự việc diễn ra)
Ex: I
saw her get
off the bus.- Help + to-inf / V1 / with Noun
Ex: He usually helps his sister
to do
her homework.

He usually helps his sister
do
her homework.


He usually helps his sister

with

her homework.

II. GERUND (V-ing): Danh động từ
* Danh động từ có thể được dùng làm:
- Chủ từ của câu:
Swimming
is my favourite sport.
- Bổ ngữ của động từ:          My hobby iscollecting
stamps.
- Tân ngữ của động từ:         I enjoy

traveling
.
* V + V-ing
- Sau các động từ:

enjoy, avoid, admit, appreciate (đánh giá cao), mind (quan tâm, ngại), finish, practice, suggest, postpone (hoãn lại), consider (xem xét), hate, admit (thừa nhận), like, love, deny (phủ nhận), detest (ghét), keep (tiếp tục), miss (bỏ lỡ), imagine (tưởng tượng), mention, risk, delay (trì hoãn), ….
- Sau các cụm động từ:

cant’ help (không thể không), can’t bear / can’t stand (không thể chịu được), be used to, get used to, look forward to, it’s no use / it’s no good (không có ích lợi gì), be busy, be worth (đáng giá)
- Sau giới từ:
in, on, at, from, to, about …
- Sau các liên từ:
after, before, when, while, since,…
Ex: You should lock the door

when leaving

your room.
- S + spend / waste + time / money + V-ing
Ex: I spent thirty minutes

doing

this exercise.

III. INFINITIVE OR GERUND
1. Không thay đổi nghĩa:
- begin / start / continue/ like / love + to-inf / V-ing
Ex: It started

to rain / raining.
2. Thay đổi nghĩa:
+ remember / forget / regret + V-ing: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc đã xảy ra rồi (trong quá khứ)
+ remember / forget / regret + to-inf: nhớ / quên/ nuối tiếc việc chưa, sắp xảy ra (trong tương lai)
Ex: Don’t forgetto turn
off the light when you go to bed.


I remember

meeting
you some where but I can’t know your name.

Remember

to send

her some flowers because today is her birthday.
+ stop + V-ing: dừng hẳn việc gì
+ stop + to-inf: dừng ….. để …
Ex: He stopped

smoking

because it is harmful for his health.

On the way home, I stopped at the post office

to buy

a newspaper.
+ try + V-ing: thử
+ try + to-inf: cố gắng
+ need + V-ing = need + to be + V3: cần được (bị động)
+ need + to-inf: cần (chủ động)
Ex: I need
to wash
my car.

My car is very dirty. It needs
washing / to be washed.


+ Cấu trúc nhờ vả:
S + have + O người + V1 + O vật ...
S + have + O vật + V3 + (by + O người) ...
S + get + O người + to-inf + O vật
S + get + O vật + V3 + (by + O người)

We use gerunds (verb + ing):
After

certain verbs

- I

enjoy singing
After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee
before leaving
As the subject or object of a sentence -
Swimming

is good exercise
We use 'to' + infinitive:
After

certain verbs

- We

decided to leave
After many adjectives - It's
difficult to get

up early
To show purpose - I came to London

to study
English
We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'):
After
modal verbs
- I can
meet

you at six o'clock
After 'let', 'make' and (sometimes) 'help' - The teacher let us
leave

early
After some verbs of perception (see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense) - I watched her

walk
away
After expressions with 'why' - why

go
out the night before an exam?
PASSIVE INFINITIVE:
to be
+ past participle

(a) I didn't expect to be invited to his party.

--->

In (a):

to be invited

is passive. The understood "by

phrase" is "by him":

I didn't expect to be invited by him

- PASSIVE GERUND:

being

+ past participle

(b) I appreciated

being invited

to your home.

--->

In (b):

being invited

is passive. The understood "by

phrase" is "by him":

I appreciated being invited by you.

- PAST INFINITIVE:

to have

+ past participle

to have stopped

--->

The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund happened before the time of the main verb. In (c):

The rain seems now to have stopped a few minutes ago

-PAST GERUND:

having

+ past participle

(d) I appreciate

having had

the opportunity to meet the king.

--->

In (d): I met the king yeaterday.

I appreciate now having had the opportunity to meet the king yesterday.

- PAST-PASSVIE INFINITIVE:

to have been
+ past participle

(e) Jane is fortunate

to have been given

a scholarship.

--->In (e): Jane was given a scholarship last month by her government. She is fortunate.
Jane is fortunate now to have been given a scholarship last month by her government.

- PAST-PASSVIE GERUND:

having been

+ past participle

(f) I appreciate
having been told
the news.

--->
In (f): I was told the news yesterday by someone. I appreciate that.
I appreciate now having been told the news yesterday by someone.
ác hình thức nhấn mạnh [Emphatic forms]
NHẤN MẠNH ĐỘNG TỪ.

Để nhấn mạnh động từ trong câu xác định, ta đặt DO hoặc DOES (nếu ở thì hiện tại đơn) và DID (nếu ở quá khứ đơn) trước các động từ ở dạng nguyên mẫu không có TO.

- I did see him at the airport yesterday.

(Hôm qua tôi có nhìn thấy anh ta tại sân bay.)

- I know that you dont expect me to go; but I do go.

(Tôi biết bạn không mong tôi đến; nhưng tôi cứ đến.)

- He does wish he could speak English fluently.

(Nó cứ ao ước rằng nó có thể nói tiếng Anh một cách lưu loát.)

Để cho câu mệnh lệnh trở nên lịch sự hơn hoặc thuyết phục hơn, ta dùng DO trước các câu mệnh lệnh.

- Do help me, please. (Xin vui lòng giúp tôi.)

- Do be careful when you cross the road.

(Hãy thật cẩn thận khi băng qua đường.)

Trong câu phủ định, ta đặt NOT sau động từ hoặc dùng NEVER trước DO, DOES, DID.

- I know not anything about that. (Tôi thật không biết gì về điều đó.)

- They succeeded not in their scheme although they tried very hard.

(Họ không thành công trong kế họach dù cố gắng hết sức.)

- She never does help her friends. (Cô ấy chẳng bao giờ giúp bạn bè.)

- I never did hear anything like that before.

Trong câu mệnh lệnh phủ định, ta đặt YOU giữa DONT và động từ.

- Dont you forget it. (Xin bạn đừng quên)

- Dont you speak to me like that. (Xin đừng nói với tôi như thế.)

B. NHẤN MẠNH MỘT TỪ, MỘT CỤM TỪ, MỘT MỆNH ĐỀ.

Ta dùng cấu trúc “It + is / was + ……… + that…” để nhấn mạnh một từ (word), một cụm từ (phrase) hay một mệnh đề (clause). Nếu mệnh đề chính ở hiện tại, ta dùng “It is ……. that…”; còn nếu mệnh đề chính ở quá khứ, ta dùng “It was……that…” .

- It was Mr.Brown that I met at the theatre yesterday.

(Tôi đã gặp chính ông Brown tại nhà hát ngày hôm qua.)

- It was at the theatre that I met Mr.Brown yesterday.

(Tôi đã gặp ông Brown chính tại nhà hát này ngày hôm qua.)

- It was because it rained heavily that we couldnt go to the lecture.

(Chính bởi vì trời mưa to nên chúng tôi không thể đi nghe cuộc diễn thuyết.)

- It is the smoke from that factory chimney that pollutes the air.

(Chính khói từ nhà máy này làm ô nhiễm bầu không khí.)

C. NHẤN MẠNH BẰNG CÁCH ĐẢO NGỮ.
(Inversion of subject and verb)

Hình thức đảo ngữ thường được dùng để nhấn mạnh khi :

1/ Đưa trạng từ phủ định (negative adverbs) hay cụm từ tương đương (equivalents) ra đầu câu. Thường là những từ như : hardly (khó có thể), scarcely (hiếm khi nào), no longer (không còn nữa), never (không bao giờ), never before (trước đây không bao giờ), seldom (ít khi nào), rarely (hiếm khi nào), nowhere (không nơi đâu), not until (mãi cho tới khi), not only… but also (không những…mà còn), no sooner… than (vừa lúc…thì)….

- Never have I seen such a wonderful sight.

(Chưa bao giờ tôi nhìn thấy một cảnh tượng tuyệt vời đến như thế.)

- Seldom does she help her friends. (Ít khi nào cô ta giúp đở bạn bè.)

- Nowhere else can he find so many happy people.

(Không còn nơi nào khác mà anh ta có thể tìm thấy quá nhiều người hạnh phúc đến như thế.)

- Rarely did he smile at me. (Hiếm khi nào anh ta cười với tôi.)

2/ Đưa ONLY, SO, MANY A TIME, SUCH… ra đầu câu.

- Only then did she realize her mistakes.

(Chỉ lúc đó cô ta mới nhận ra lổi của mình.)

- So big was the liner that it couldnt enter the harbour.

(Con tàu quá to nên nó không thể vào hải cảng được.)

3/ Xóa liên từ IF trong câu điều kiện.

- Had I met you before, we could have been friends.

(Nếu trước đây tôi đã gặp bạn thì chúng ta đã có thể là bạn với nhau.)

- Were I rich, I would travel around the world.

(Nếu giàu có tôi sẽ đi du lịch vòng quanh thế giới.)

- Did I know him better, I would give him some advice.

(Nếu tôi biết anh ta rõ hơn thì tôi sẽ cho anh ta một vài lời khuyên.)

4/ Đưa trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn (adverb of place) ra đầu câu kết hợp với các động từ chỉ sự chuyển động như : lie, stay, stand, sit, come, move, go… (Trong trường hợp này khi đảo ngữ ta không dùng các trợ động từ.)

- On the top of the hill stands a village school.

(Trên đỉnh ngọn đồi là một ngôi trường làng.)

- By his side sat his faithful dog.

(Bên cạnh anh ta là một chú chó trung thành.)

- Near the church lies an old ruined cottage.

(Gần ngôi nhà thờ là một ngôi làng củ kỷ rách nát.)

- There comes the train. (Kìa xe lửa đến.)
Inversion construction (cấu trúc đảo ngữ)
Cấu trúc thông thường của 1 câu là :chủ từ đứng trước động từ ,nhưng có trường hợp ngược lại: động từ lại đứng trước chủ từ .Trong trường hợp này người ta gọi là đảo ngữ
.

Đảo ngữ được sử dụng trong nhiều trường hợp, thông dụng nhất là trong cấu trúc câu hỏi

Ví dụ:

He is nice

=> Is he nice ?
Nhưng câu hỏi mà đảo ngữ là chuyện bình thường rồi, ai mà không biết phải không các em ? Hôm nay tôi sẽ trình bày những câu mà không phải là câu hỏi nhưng lại có đảo ngữ mới lạ chứ !

Về hình thức đảo ngữ có thể chia làm 2 loại:
1) đảo ngữ như câu hỏi
Là hình thức đem động từ đặc biệt (hoặc trợ động từ ) ra trước chủ từ.

khi nào dùng đảo ngữ như câu hỏi ?

+ khi gặp các yếu tố phủ định ở đầu câu

( not , no, hardly, little, never, seldom , few, only, rarely .....)

Ví dụ::

I never go to school late

Chữ never bình thường nằm trong câu thì không có chuyện gì xảy ra, nhưng khi đem nó ra đầu câu thì sẽ có đảo ngữ.

Never do I go to school late

+ khi có các chữ sau ở đầu câu

so, such, often, much, many, many a, tính từ

Ví dụ::

He read many books yesterday.

Many books did he read yesterday ( đảo many ra đầu )

The trees are beautiful in their colors.

Beautiful are the trees in their autumn colors (đảo tính từ ra đầu)

The days when we lived in poverty are gone .( gone là tính từ)

Gone are the days when we lived in poverty. ( đảo gone ra đầu)

The doctor was so angry that he went away.

=> So angry was the doctor that .....( so + adj + be + S + that + clause)

So nice a girl was that .... ( so + adj + a N +be + that + clause )

Such a noise was there that I couldn’t work

Many a time has he helped me with my experiment
2) Đảo ngữ nguyên động từ
Là hình thức đem nguyên động từ ra trước chủ từ (không cần mượn trợ động từ )

- Khi nào dùng đảo ngữ loại này ?

Khi có cụm trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn ở đầu câu :

on the ...., in the.... , here, there, out, off...

Ví dụ::

His house stands at the foot of the hill

-> At the foot of the hill stands his house .(đem nguyên động từ stands ra trước chủ từ )

The bus came there

-> There came the bus(đem nguyện động từ came ra ,không mượn trợ động từ did)

lưu ý :trong cách này chủ ngữ phải là danh từ thì mới đảo ngữ được, đại từ không đảo ngữ

Ví dụ:

Here came the bus

Nhưng chủ từ là đại từ thì không được

Here it came (không đảo came ra trước )
3) Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện
Loại này chỉ áp dụng riêng cho câu điều kiện mà thôi

Các chữ : HAD trong câu ĐK loại 3, chữ WERE, trong loại 2, chữ SHOULD trong loại 1 có thể đem ra trước chủ từ thế cho IF

Ví dụ:

If I were you, I would ....

= Were I you , I would....

If I had gone to school......

= Had I gone to school...

if I should go....

= Should I go.....
Sau đây là một số các

tính từđòi hỏi mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng giả định, trong câu bắt buộc phải có that và
động từ
sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể bỏ to:advised, necessary, recommended, important,obligatory, required, imperative, mandatory, proposed, suggested
Lưu ý
: Nếu muốn cấu tạo phủ định đặt not sau chủ ngữ 2 trước nguyên thể bỏ to.

It is necessary that he find the books.
It is necessary that he not find the books.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It has been proposed that we not change the topic.

Nếu bỏ that đi thì chủ ngữ 2 sẽ biến thành

tân ngữ sau

giới từ

for,
động từ
trở về dạng nguyên thể có to và câu mất tính chất giả định trở thành dạng mệnh lệnh thức gián tiếp.

It is necessary for him to find the books.
It is necessary for him not to find the books.
It has been proposed for us to change the topic.
It has been proposed for us not to change the topic
hiều sách văn phạm định nghĩa participle như là một dạng hình thành từ động từ, dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ và đại danh từ.

Participle như bạn đã biết, gồm có 2 dạng: present participle và past participle. Nhiều người có thể hiểu lầm 2 dạng này dùng để diễn tả các hành động xảy ra trong ngữ cảnh của hiện tại và quá khứ. Nhưng thật ra thì không hẳn như vậy. Hai từ present và past trong trường hợp này được dùng để phân biệt các hình thức khác biệt của participle chứ không liên hệ gì đến thời (điểm) khác nhau (như trong tenses).

Cách sử dụng ở mức cơ bản:

Present participle thường thấy trong:

1) Thể hiện tại liên tiến:

The boy is swimming.

2) Tĩnh từ trong các câu:

The falling temperature in Chicago raises concern for people travelling this winter.

3) Hay như là một Gerund:

He is afraid of flying.

Nhìn chung để tạo một present participle, người ta thêm phần _ing vào một động từ.

Tuy nhiên, bạn cần để ý luật này không đúng với một số động từ và cần phải thuộc lòng các cách dùng này. Chẳng hạn:

Come trở thành Coming (chứ không phải comeing)
Lie trở thành Lying (chứ không phải lieing)
Travel trở thành Travelling (chứ không phải traveling theo đa số các nước nói tiếng Anh ngoại trừ Mỹ dùng traveling và travelling)

Past participle được dùng tương tự như present participle nhưng cách cấu kết lại khác. Vì là past nên past participle có hình thức ở mẫu quá khứ của động từ.

1) Dùng như tĩnh từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ:

Spoken words cannot be revoked.

2) Dùng chung với trợ động từ Have để tạo thành hệ perfect:

The train has arrived.

3) Dùng với trợ động từ Be để tạo thành hệ bị động passive:

The essay was written as part of the application for the school admission.

Giống như present participle, thể past participle cũng có những ngoại lệ khi được hình thành:

love trở thàh loved (chứ không phải loveed)
hurry trở thành hurried (chứ không phải hurryed)
travel trở thành travelled (chứ không phải traveled theo đa số các nước nói tiếng Anh ngoại trừ Mỹ dùng cả hai hình thức: traveled và travelled)

Phối hợp việc sử dụng participle trong văn nói và văn viết là cả một nghệ thuật đòi hỏi trình độ nắm vững văn phạm, kinh nghiệm sử dụng kết hợp với kiến thức hiểu biết về tập quán và con người.

Ví dụ:

I am extremely tired có thể đồng nghĩa với

I am worn out giống như
I am beat hoặc
I am flat

Seeing is believing

Vị trí của participle trong câu, mệnh đề cũng rất quan trọng và có thể truyền đạt một ý khác nhau.

Trong văn nói, vị trí còn được bổ nghĩa và được nhấn mạnh bởi giọng nói lên, xuống của người dùng nhằm làm sáng nghĩa và ý truyền đạt.

Mong bạn tìm hiểu thêm trên mạng internet và các sách văn phạm cũng như tìm cơ hội nghe, hoặc tiếp xúc với người nói tiếng Anh từ các nước Anh, Mỹ hoặc các nước coi tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ chính.
a double phụ âm cuối khi có 2 điều kiện:

i) âm tiết cuối có 2 phụ âm kẹp 1 nguyên âm

ii) trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết cuối đó

Ví dụ:

format --> formatting

transfer --> transferring

forbid --> forbidding

Nếu chỉ thỏa mãn đkiện i) mà không thỏa mãn đkiện ii) thì phụ âm cuối không bị doubled.

Ví dụ:

open --> opening

lower --> lowering

sharpen --> sharpening

mentor --> mentoring

Riêng trường hợp chữ travel là ngoại lệ.

travel thỏa mãn i) nhưng không thỏa mãn ii) do nhấn âm tiết đầu (/'trae vl/) nên đúng ra khi thêm -ing phải là traveling

Hiện nay thì American English xài traveling, traveled (đúng luật) trong khi British English xài travelling, travelled (không đúng luật)

Tương tự cho -ed

format --> formatted

transfer --> transferred

open --> opened

lower --> lowered

mentor --> mentored

Tuy nhiên, khi nói đến ngoại lệ của past participle thì irregular verbs mới đáng nói,
Noun Clause - Mệnh đề danh từ (Danh mệnh đề) trong tiếng Anh
Danh mệnh đề hay được That giới thiệu và do đó được gọi là mệnh đề That. Nhưng không phải tất cả danh mệnh đề đều là mệnh đề THAT. (...)

1. Danh mệnh đề (that) dùng như chủ từ của câu.
- Các câu có chủ từ là danh mệnh đề thường mở đầu bằng
It
Ví dụ:
Quả là thất vọng vì Tom không thể đến.
- Cấu trúc thường dùng là
It + be/seem + tính từ + danh mệnh đề
Ví dụ:
Thật là tuyệt khi cậu đã qua kì thi.
It's
strange

that there're no lights on.

- Một số tính từ có thể dùng với
that…should.
Ví dụ:
Điều cần thiết là mọi người biết phải làm gì.

It's

a greatpity
(that) they didn't get married.

Điều kì diệu là anh không bị giết.
It's
a good thing
(that) you were insured.

I am delighted that you passed your exam.
Cấu trúc này có thể được dùng với:
- tính từ diễn tả cảm xúc:

glad

(vui sướng),

pleased

(hài lòng),

relieved

(vui lòng),

sorry

(buồn lòng).
- tính từ/phân từ diễn tả sự lo âu, tin tưởng:

afraid

(e ngại),

anxious

(lo lắng),

aware

(biết),

certain(chắc chắn),

confident

(tin chắc),

conscious

(ý thức được),

convinced

(bị thuyết phục)

They were

anxious

that

aid

should

be sent promptly.

Proposal

và
suggestion
đòi hỏi có
That…should.
Ví dụ:
Thông báo nói rằng người ta phải xây dựng một phi trường mới ở gần chỗ ấy đã gây nên làn sóng phản đối.
The

proposal/suggestion

that

shops

should

open on Sundays led to a heated discussion.

They

made out

that they had been unjustly dismissed.
Tôi có thể chứng minh rằng bà ta đã làm điều gì đó.

It
appears
/seems

that we have come on the wrong day
.

Tôi chợt thấy rằng hắn ta đang nói dóc.
They

agreed/decided

that

a statue

should

be put up.
Ông ấy giục rằng vấn đề nên được đưa ra tòa.

5.
So
và
Not
tượng trưng cho mệnh đề
That
- Sau

believe, expect, suppose, think

và sau

It appears/seems
Ví dụ:
Liệu Tom có đến dự tiệc không? - Toi mong/giả sử/nghĩ là thế.

Will the scheme be a success? - I don't
expect
so/believe
so/suppose
so/think
so.
+ một động từ khẳng định với
Not.
Ví dụ:
Không lâu đâu phải không? - Không tôi cho là không./Tôi không cho là thế.
The plane didn't land in Canada, did it? - I
believe not./I don't believe
so.

-
So
và
not
được dùng tương tự sau
hope
và
be
afraid
(e rằng).
Ví dụ:
Peter sẽ đi với chúng ta chứ? - Tôi hi vọng là thế.
Will you have to pay duty on this? - I'm

afraid

so.

- Thể phủ định ở đây tạo bởi

động từ khẳng định + not.
Ví dụ:
Anh có được phép làm việc không? - Tôi e là không.

How do you know there is going to be a demonstration? - Jack
said so/Jack
told
me
so.

"I
told
you
so"
có thể có nghĩa "Tôi đã bảo anh mà". Kiểu này thường gây bực bội cho người nghe.

Tom didn't
tell
me
so.
+ Đối với
say
có 2 dạng phủ định nhưng khác nghĩa.
ü
Tom didn't say so

= Tom didn't say that there would be demonstration.
Tom nói rằng sẽ không có bãi công.

Will you be staying another night?
If so, we can give you a better room. If not, could you be out of your room by 12:00?
Verb
Meaning
Example
ask
someone

out
invite on a date
Brian

asked

Judy

out

to dinner and a movie.
ask around
ask many people the same question
I

asked around

but nobody has seen my wallet.
add up to

something
equal
Your purchases

add up to

$205.32.
back
something

up
reverse
You'll have to

back up

your car so that I can get out.
back

someone
up
support
My wife
backed
me
up
over my decision to quit my job.
blow up
explode
The racing car
blew up
after it crashed into the fence.
blow
something

up
add air
We have to

blow

50 balloons

up

for the party.
break down
stop functioning (vehicle, machine)
Our car

broke down

at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
break down
get upset
The woman
broke down
when the police told her that her son had died.
break

something
down
divide into smaller parts
Our teacher

broke

the final project

downinto three separate parts.
break in
force entry to a building
Somebody
broke in
last night and stole our stereo.
break into

something
enter forcibly
The firemen had to

break into

the room to rescue the children.
break

something
in
wear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new
I need to
break
these shoes
in
before we run next week.
break in
interrupt
The TV station
broke in
to report the news of the president's death.
break up
end a relationship
My boyfriend and I

broke up

before I moved to America.
break up
start laughing (informal)
The kids just

broke up

as soon as the clown started talking.
break out
escape
The prisoners
broke out
of jail when the guards weren't looking.
break out in
something
develop a skin condition
I
broke out in
a rash after our camping trip.
bring
someone

down
make unhappy
This sad music is

bringing

me

down.
bring
someone

up
raise a child
My grandparents

brought

me

up

after my parents died.
bring

something
up
start talking about a subject
My mother walks out of the room when my father
brings up
sports.
bring

something
up
vomit
He drank so much that he
brought
his dinner
up
in the toilet.
call around
phone many different places/people
We

called around

but we weren't able to find the car part we needed.
call
someone

back
return a phone call
I

called

the company

back

but the offices were closed for the weekend.
call

something
off
cancel
Jason
called
the wedding
off
because he wasn't in love with his fiancé.
call on

someone
ask for an answer or opinion
The professor

called on

me for question 1.
call on

someone
visit someone
We

called on

you last night but you weren't home.
call
someone

up
phone
Give me your phone number and I willcall

you

up

when we are in town.
calm down
relax after being angry
You are still mad. You need to
calm down
before you drive the car.
not

care forsomeone/something
not like (formal)
I don't

care for

his behaviour.
catch up
get to the same point as someone else
You'll have to run faster than that if you want to
catch up
with Marty.
check in
arrive and register at a hotel or airport
We will get the hotel keys when wecheck in.
check out
leave a hotel
You have to
check out
of the hotel before 11:00 AM.
check
someone/something
out
look at carefully, investigate
The company
checks out
all new employees.
check outsomeone/something
look at (informal)
Check out

the crazy hair on that guy!
cheer up
become happier
She

cheered up

when she heard the good news.
cheer

someone
up
make happier
I brought you some flowers to
cheer
youup.
chip in
help
If everyone
chips in
we can get the kitchen painted by noon.
clean
something

up
tidy, clean
Please

clean up

your bedroom before you go outside.
come across
something
find unexpectedly
I

came across

these old photos when I was tidying the closet.
come apart
separate
The top and bottom
come apart
if you pull hard enough.
come down with
something
become sick
My nephew
came down with
chicken pox this weekend.
come forward
volunteer for a task or to give evidence
The woman

came forward

with her husband's finger prints.
come from
somewhere
originate in
The art of origami

comes from

Asia.
count on
someone/something
rely on
I am
counting on
you to make dinner while I am out.
cross

something
out
draw a line through
Please
cross out
your old address and write your new one.
cut back onsomething
consume less
My doctor wants me to

cut back onsweets and fatty foods.
cut
something

down
make something fall to the ground
We had to

cut

the old tree in our yarddown

after the storm.
cut in
interrupt
Your father
cut in
while I was dancing with your uncle.
cut in
pull in too closely in front of another vehicle
The bus driver got angry when that carcut in.
cut in
start operating (of an engine or electrical device)
The air conditioner
cuts in
when the temperature gets to 22°C.
cut

something
off
remove with something sharp
The doctors
cut off
his leg because it was severely injured.
cut
something

off
stop providing
The phone company

cut off

our phone because we didn't pay the bill.
cut
someone

off
take out of a will
My grandparents

cut

my father

off

when he remarried.
cut

something
out
remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper)
I
cut
this ad
out
of the newspaper.
do
someone/something
over
beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)
He's lucky to be alive. His shop was
done over
by a street gang.
do
something

over
do again (N.Amer.)
My teacher wants me to

do

my essayover

because she doesn't like my topic.
do away with
something
discard
It's time to

do away with

all of these old tax records.
do

something
up
fasten, close
Do
your coat

up

before you go outside. It's snowing!
dress up
wear nice clothing
It's a fancy restaurant so we have todress up.
drop back
move back in a position/group
Andrea

dropped back

to third place when she fell off her bike.
drop in/by/over
come without an appointment
I might

drop in/by/over

for tea sometime this week.
drop
someone/something
off
take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there
I have to
drop
my sister
off
at work before I come over.
drop out
quit a class, school etc
I
dropped out
of Science because it was too difficult.
eat out
eat at a restaurant
I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's

eat out.
end up
eventually reach/do/decide
We

ended up

renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.
fall apart
break into pieces
My new dress
fell apart
in the washing machine.
fall down
fall to the ground
The picture that you hung up last nightfell down
this morning.
fall out
separate from an interior
The money must have

fallen out

of my pocket.
fall out
(of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached
His hair started to

fall out

when he was only 35.
figure

something
out
understand, find the answer
I need to
figure out
how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.
fill

something
in
to write information in blanks (Br.E.)
Please
fill in
the form with your name, address, and phone number.
fill
something

out
to write information in blanks (N.Amer.)
The form must be

filled out

in capital letters.
fill
something

up
fill to the top
I always

fill

the water jug

up

when it is empty.
find out
discover
We don't know where he lives. How can we
find out?
find

something
out
discover
We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha
found
it
out.
get
something
across/over
communicate, make understandable
I tried to
get
my point
across/over
to the judge but she wouldn't listen.
get along/on
like each other
I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister
got along/on.
get around
have mobility
My grandfather can

get around

fine in his new wheelchair.
get away
go on a vacation
We worked so hard this year that we had to

get away

for a week.
get away with
something
do without being noticed or punished
Jason always
gets away with
cheating in his maths tests.
get back
return
We
got back
from our vacation last week.
get
something

back
receive something you had before
Liz finally

got

her Science notes

backfrom my room-mate.
get back at
someone
retaliate, take revenge
My sister
got back at
me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back intosomething
become interested in something again
I finally

got back into

my novel and finished it.
get on
something
step onto a vehicle
We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us
get on
the bus.
get over
something
recover from an illness, loss, difficulty
I just
got over
the flu and now my sister has it.
get over

something
overcome a problem
The company will have to close if it can'tget over

the new regulations.
get round to
something
finally find time to do (N.Amer.:get around to
something)
I don't know when I am going to

get round to

writing the thank you cards.
get together
meet (usually for social reasons)
Let's

get together

for a BBQ this weekend.
get up
get out of bed
I
got up
early today to study for my exam.
get up
stand
You should
get up
and give the elderly man your seat.
give
someone

away
reveal hidden information about someone
His wife

gave

him

away

to the police.
give
someone

away
take the bride to the altar
My father

gave

me

away

at my wedding.
give

something
away
ruin a secret
My little sister
gave
the surprise partyaway
by accident.
give

something
away
give something to someone for free
The library was
giving away
old books on Friday.
give
something

back
return a borrowed item
I have to

give

these skates

back

to Franz before his hockey game.
give in
reluctantly stop fighting or arguing
My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally

gave in.
give

something
out
give to many people (usually at no cost)
They were
giving out
free perfume samples at the department store.
give

something
up
quit a habit
I am
giving up
smoking as of January 1st.
give up
stop trying
My maths homework was too difficult so I

gave up.
go after
someone
follow someone
My brother tried to
go after
the thief in his car.
go after
something
try to achieve something
I
went after
my dream and now I am a published writer.
go against

someone
compete, oppose
We are

going against

the best soccer team in the city tonight.
go ahead
start, proceed
Please
go ahead
and eat before the food gets cold.
go back
return to a place
I have to
go back
home and get my lunch.
go out
leave home to go on a social event
We're

going out

for dinner tonight.
go out with
someone
date
Jesse has been
going out with
Luke since they met last winter.
go over
something
review
Please
go over
your answers before you submit your test.
go over
visit someone nearby
I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll
go over
for an hour or two.
go without
something
suffer lack or deprivation
When I was young, we
went withoutwinter boots.
grow apart
stop being friends over time
My best friend and I
grew apart
after she changed schools.
grow back
regrow
My roses

grew back

this summer.
grow up
become an adult
When Jack

grows up

he wants to be a fireman.
grow out of
something
get too big for
Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has
grown out of
her old ones.
grow into

something
grow big enough to fit
This bike is too big for him now, but he should

grow into

it by next year.
hand

something
down
give something used to someone else
I
handed
my old comic books
down
to my little cousin.
hand

something
in
submit
I have to
hand in
my essay by Friday.
hand
something

out
to distribute to a group of people
We will

hand out

the invitations at the door.
hand
something

over
give (usually unwillingly)
The police asked the man to

hand overhis wallet and his weapons.
hang in
stay positive (N.Amer., informal)
Hang in
there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon.
hang on
wait a short time (informal)
Hang on
while I grab my coat and shoes!
hang out
spend time relaxing (informal)
Instead of going to the party we are just going to

hang out

at my place.
hang up
end a phone call
He didn't say goodbye before he

hung up.
hold
someone/something
back
prevent from doing/going
I had to
hold
my dog
back
because there was a cat in the park.
hold

something
back
hide an emotion
Jamie
held back
his tears at his grandfather's funeral.
hold on
wait a short time
Please

hold on

while I transfer you to the Sales Department.
hold onto
someone/something
hold firmly using your hands or arms
Hold onto

your hat because it's very windy outside.
hold
someone/something
up
rob
A man in a black mask
held
the bank
upthis morning.
keep on doing
something
continue doing
Keep on
stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.
keep
something

fromsomeone
not tell
We

kept

our relationship

from

our parents for two years.
keep
someone/something
out
stop from entering
Try to

keep

the wet dog

out

of the living room.
keep

something
up
continue at the same rate
If you
keep
those results
up
you will get into a great college.
let

someone
down
fail to support or help, disappoint
I need you to be on time. Don't
let
medown
this time.
let
someone

in
allow to enter
Can you

let

the cat

in

before you go to school?
look after
someone/something
take care of
I have to

look after

my sick grandmother.
look down on
someone
think less of, consider inferior
Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has
looked down on
me.
look for
someone/something
try to find
I'm
looking for
a red dress for the wedding.
look forward tosomething
be excited about the future
I'm

looking forward to

the Christmas break.
look into
something
investigate
We are going to
look into
the price of snowboards today.
look out
be careful, vigilant, and take notice
Look out! That car's going to hit you!
look out for
someone/something
be especially vigilant for
Don't forget to
look out for
snakes on the hiking trail.
look
something

over
check, examine
Can you

look over

my essay for spelling mistakes?
look
something

up
search and find information in a reference book or database
We can

look

her phone number

up

on the Internet.
look up to

someone
have a lot of respect for
My little sister has always

looked up

to me.
make
something

up
invent, lie about something
Josie

made up

a story about why we were late.
make up
forgive each other
We were angry last night, but we
made up
at breakfast.
make

someone
up
apply cosmetics to
My sisters
made
me
up
for my graduation party.
mix
something

up
confuse two or more things
I

mixed up

the twins' names again!
pass away
die
His uncle

passed away

last night after a long illness.
pass out
faint
It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady
passed out.
pass

something
out
give the same thing to many people
The professor
passed
the textbooks
outbefore class.
pass
something

up
decline (usually something good)
I

passed up

the job because I am afraid of change.
pay
someone

back
return owed money
Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll

pay

youback

on Friday.
pay for

something
be punished for doing something bad
That bully will

pay for

being mean to my little brother.
pick
something

out
choose
I

picked out

three sweaters for you to try on.
point
someone/something
out
indicate with your finger
I'll
point
my boyfriend
out
when he runs by.
put

something
down
put what you are holding on a surface or floor
You can
put
the groceries
down
on the kitchen counter.
put
someone

down
insult, make someone feel stupid
The students

put

the substitute teacherdown

because his pants were too short.
put
something

off
postpone
We are

putting off

our trip until January because of the hurricane.
put

something
out
extinguish
The neighbours
put
the fire
out
before the firemen arrived.
put

something
together
assemble
I have to

put

the crib

together

before the baby arrives.
put up with
someone/something
tolerate
I don't think I can
put up with
three small children in the car.
put

something
on
put clothing/accessories on your body
Don't forget to
put on
your new earrings for the party.
run intosomeone/something
meet unexpectedly
I

ran into

an old school-friend at the mall.
run over
someone/something
drive a vehicle over a person or thing
I accidentally

ran over

your bicycle in the driveway.
run over/through
something
rehearse, review
Let's
run over/through
these lines one more time before the show.
run away
leave unexpectedly, escape
The child
ran away
from home and has been missing for three days.
run out
have none left
We

ran out

of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.
send
something

back
return (usually by mail)
My letter got

sent back

to me because I used the wrong stamp.
set

something
up
arrange, organize
Our boss
set
a meeting
up
with the president of the company.
set

someone
up
trick, trap
The police
set up
the car thief by using a hidden camera.
shop around
compare prices
I want to

shop around

a little before I decide on these boots.
show off
act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)
He always

shows off

on his skateboard
sleep over
stay somewhere for the night (informal)
You should
sleep over
tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.
sort

something
out
organize, resolve a problem
We need to
sort
the bills
out
before the first of the month.
stick to
something
continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing
You will lose weight if you
stick to
the diet.
switch

something
off
stop the energy flow, turn off
The light's too bright. Could you
switch
itoff.
switch
something

on
start the energy flow, turn on
We heard the news as soon as weswitched on

the car radio.
take after
someone
resemble a family member
I
take after
my mother. We are both impatient.
take
something

apart
purposely break into pieces
He

took

the car brakes

apart

and found the problem.
take
something

back
return an item
I have to

take

our new TV

back

because it doesn't work.
take off
start to fly
My plane
takes off
in five minutes.
take

something
off
remove something (usually clothing)
Take off
your socks and shoes and come in the lake!
take
something

out
remove from a place or thing
Can you

take

the garbage

out

to the street for me?
take
someone

out
pay for someone to go somewhere with you
My grandparents

took

us

out

for dinner and a movie.
tear

something
up
rip into pieces
I
tore up
my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him.
think back
remember (often + to, sometimes + on)
When I
think back
on my youth, I wish I had studied harder.
think
something

over
consider
I'll have to

think

this job offer

overbefore I make my final decision.
throw
something
away
dispose of
We
threw
our old furniture
away
when we won the lottery.
turn
something

down
decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)
Please

turn

the TV

down

while the guests are here.
turn
something

down
refuse
I

turned

the job

down

because I don't want to move.
turn

something
off
stop the energy flow, switch off
Your mother wants you to
turn
the TVoff
and come for dinner.
turn

something
on
start the energy, switch on
It's too dark in here. Let's
turn
some lights
on.
turn
something

up
increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc)
Can you

turn

the music

up? This is my favourite song.
turn up
appear suddenly
Our cat

turned up

after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.
try

something
on
sample clothing
I'm going to
try
these jeans
on, but I don't think they will fit.
try

something
out
test
I am going to
try
this new brand of detergent
out.
use
something

up
finish the supply
The kids

used

all of the toothpaste

up

so we need to buy some more.
wake up
stop sleeping
We have to

wake up

early for work on Monday.
warm
someone/something
up
increase the temperature
You can
warm
your feet
up
in front of the fireplace.
warm up
prepare body for exercise
I always
warm up
by doing sit-ups before I go for a run.
wear off
fade away
Most of my make-up

wore off

before I got to the party.
work out
exercise
I

work out

at the gym three times a week.
work out
be successful
Our plan
worked out
fine.
work

something
out
make a calculation
We have to
work out
the total cost before we buy the house.
Sentence structure
Simple sentences:
A
simple sentence
has only
one clause:
The children were laughing.
John wanted a new bicycle.
All the girls are learning English.
Compound sentences:
A compound sentence has
two or more clauses:
(We stayed behind) and (finished the job)
(We stayed behind) and (finished the job), then (we went home)
The clauses in a compound sentence are joined by

co-ordinating conjunctions:
John shouted
and
everybody waved.
We looked everywhere
but
we couldn’t find him.
They are coming by car

so

they should be here soon.
The common coordinating conjunctions are:
and – but – or – nor – so – then – yet
Complex sentences:
A complex sentence has a

main clause

and

one or more adverbial clauses. Adverbial clauses usually come

after

the main clause:
Her father died when she was very young

>>>
Her father died
(main clause)
when

(subordinating conjunction)

she was very young

(adverbial clause)
She had a difficult childhood because her father died when she was very young.
>>>
She had a difficult childhood

(main clause)

because

(subordinating conjunction)

her father died
(adverbial clause)
when
(subordinating conjunction)
she was very young

(adverbial clause).
Some subordinate clauses can come

in front of

the main clause:
Although a few snakes are dangerous most of them are quite harmless
>>>
Although

(subordinating conjunction)

some snakes are dangerous

(adverbial clause)

most of them are harmless
(main clause).
A sentence can contain
both
subordinate and coordinate clauses:
Although she has always lived in France, she speaks fluent English because her mother was American and her father was Nigerian

>>>
Although
(subordinating conjunction)
she has always lived in France
(adverbial clause),
she speaks fluent English

(main clause)

because

(subordinating conjunction)

her mother was American (adverbial clause)
and
(coordinating conjunction)
her father was Nigerian

(adverbial clause).
There are seven types of adverbial clauses:

Common conjunctions
Contrast clauses
although; though; even though; while;
Reason clauses
because; since; as
Place clauses
where; wherever; everywhere
Purpose clauses
so that; so; because + want
Result clauses
so that; so … that; such … that
Time clauses
when; before; after; since; while; as; as soon as; by the time; until
Conditional clauses
if; unless; provided (that); as long as

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