1476/ RELATIVE CLAUSES & REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

<ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP HAY RA THI, CHIA SẺ VỀ TƯỜNG ĐỂ LƯU LẠI !!!>

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.

1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.

-> I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.

- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.

->The woman who is standing over there is my sister.

b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.

-> I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.

- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.

-> The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars

-> She works for a company which makes cars.

- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.

-> The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.

- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó

Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.

He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)

d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định

Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.

- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.

- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.

- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.

- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.

* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.

All that is mine is yours.

- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.

- You are the only person that can help us.

- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)

* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định (“that” không bao giờ đứng sau dấu phẩy)

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

- Sau giới từ 

Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.

e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).

Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.

-> John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.

- This is the student. I borrowed his book.

->This is the student whose book I borrowed.

f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.

-> Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

-> He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)

Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.

-> The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.

- The house is for sale. I was born in it.

-> The house in which I was born is for sale.

2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)

a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn

Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.

-> The movie theater is the place where we can see films.

b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian

Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.

->Do you remember the day when we first met?

c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do

Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason. 

-> Tell me the reason why you are so sad.